Section B - The Development Gap Flashcards
what is development
development is making a positive change and improving living standards and quality of life
what factors affect speed of development
environemental-natural disaster. economic-trade and debt. social-safe water and education. political-stable goverment or civil war
what is the development gap
the development gap represents the difference in living standards between the world’s richest and poorest
what countries do BRICS stand for
Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
what countries do MINT stand for
Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey
what does GNI stand for
Gross National Income
what does HDI stand for
Human Development Index
what is GNI
the total value of goods and services produced by a country, plus money earned from, and paid to, other countires. It is expressed as per head (per capita) of the population
what is HDI
links health to wealth and education. it aims to show how far people are benefiting from a country’s economic growth. it is a social measure
what is an example of stage 1 of the demographic transition model
Indigenous Tribes : the birth rate and death rate remain high. they both fluctuate between higher or lower. the total population remains low
what is an example of stage 2 of the demographic transition model
Afghanistan : the birth rate remains very high. the death rate is starting to fall quite quickly. the total population begins to rise
what is an example of stage 3 of the demographic transition model
Nigeria : death rate is lower than birth rate. population is rapidly growing
what is an example of stage 4 of the demographic transition model
USA: death rates are low. lowered birth rates with smaller families. total population remains high
what problems is Germany likely to face in the next few decades?
high elderly population. low amount of young descendents. working population decreasing
what is an example of stage 5 of the demographic transition model
Germany : population decline as death rate exceeds birth rate. lowest birth rate in world. ageing population
how could Germany solve the problems they are likely to face in the next few decades
increase rates of migration. incentivise having young children. raise the retirement age
what does a narrow peak suggest on a population pyramid
high death rate because of poor healthcare
what does a wide base suggest on a population pyramid
high birth rate because of limited access to contraception
why did 4 million people flee Syria, to temporary camps in Turkey, Japan and Lebanon
a civil war has raged since 2011 - this has lead to people fleeing the country
how many migrants from Syria entered Germany in 2015
an estimated 1.1 million migrants entered Germany in 2015
What 3 strategies can reduce the development gap
Tourism, investment, industrial development
How does tourism reduce the development gap
Countries with tropic beaches, landscapes or wildlife have become tourist destinations. This has led to investment and increased income from abroad, which can be used for improved education, infrastructure and housing. Tourism can generate a lot of income but is vulnerable in times of economic recession
How does industrial development reduce the development gap
Industrial development brings employment, higher incomes and opportunities to invest in housing, education and infrastructure. The population then becomes better educated and healthier, which provides more opportunities to invest in industries and businesses. This circular process is called the multiplier effect
What is an example of industrial development
Malaysia as it had made use of foreign investment to exploit its natural resources and develop a thriving manufacturing sector
How does investment reduce the development gap
Many countries and TNCs invest money and expertise in LICs which supports the LICs development by providing income and employment
What is an example of investment (trying to reduce the development gap)
Chinese companies have invested billions of dollars in Africa, including investing in a power plant and railway construction
what are some facts about the current state of Jamaica’s economy
Jamaica’s economy is reliant upon minerals, agriculture products, and some manufacturing. it is classed as an upper middle income country but has suffered from slow growth, debt and high unemployement
what are a few economic impacts of tourism on Jamaica’s economy
in 2014 tourism contributed 24% of Jamaica’s GDP. tourisms contribution. income of US$2 billion each year. employement gives people more disopsal income
what are a few social impacts of tourism on Jamaica’s economy
tourism provides jobs for 200,000 people. the majority of jobs tourism offers are found in the main tourist towns. consrvation jobs are now available
what are a few envirnmental impacts of tourism on Jamaica’s economy
footpath erosion is an environmental impact. water treatment plans has reduced the pollution. the north coast has seen the greatest investment
what is aid
when country + NGO’s provide for a country in need
what are some examples of aid
money e.g. grants or loans. emergency servics + supplies (e.g. tents). food. volunteers or skilled people
what are the 6 different types of aid
short term, long term, tied, voluntary, biblateral, multilateral
when is short term aid provided
short term aid is provided after natural distasters/emergency sevice
what is long term aid used for
long term is used to improve infrastructure
what is voluntary aid
voluntary aid is money donated by the public that goes directly to the cause
what is multilateral aid used for
multilateral aid is used to distribute money sent to the world bank
what are some facts about the Goat Aid Oxfam Africa (Malasia)
milk sold for income. products for the family. goats can be bred easily. manure used for fertiliser
which 2 systems do rich countries use in order to protect their trade
tariffs and quotas
what are tariffs
Tariffs are taxes paid on imports making imported goods more expensive and locally produced goods more attractive
what are quotas
Quotas are limits on the quantity of goods, usually primary products that can be imported
which country is forced to export coca beans, rather than develop its own industry of making chocolate
Ghana
what is free trade
free trade is when countries do not charge tariffs and have quotas. This has the potential to benefit the world’s poorest countries
what are subsides
Subsides are a barrier to free trade. Rich countries can afford to pay subsides to farmers, so their products are cheaper than those produced by poorer countries
what 2 advantages are there of joining a trading group for poor counties
It encourages free trade between members. Members are able to get higher prices for their goods
what is fairtrade
fairtrade is an international movement that sets standards for trade and helps to ensure that producers in poor countries get a fair deal
why is fairtrade international fair
The farmer gets a fair price and all the money from the sale of the crop. Part of the price is invested in local community development projects. Farming is done in an environmentally friendly way. The product gains a stronger position in the global market
what are 3 causes of uneven development
physical (e.g. extreme weather or landlocked countries). economic (e.g. trade conditions). historical (e.g. colonialism)
whatdoes uneven development lead to
uneven development leads to disparities in wealth and health
what do lower levels of development affecr
lower levels of development affect the causes of death in different countries
