Section B - The Changing UK Economy Flashcards
what are examples of the primary industry
farming, mining and fishing
what are examples of the secondary industry
manufacturing
what are examples of the tertiary industry
health care, offices, financial services and retail
what are examples of the quaternary industry
research development, IT and media
what is de-industrialisation
the decline in the secondary (manufacturing) industry and the subsequent growth in tertiary and quaternary employment
why has de-industrialisation taken place
machines and technology have replaced many people. other coutnries, e.g. China, can produce cheaper goods because labour is less expensive
what is globalisation
globalisation is the growth and spread of ideas around the world. globalisation has increased the quanternary sector
what was the government policy from 1945-1979 in the UK economy
the government created state run industries. Government money ‘propped up’ unprofitable industries
what was the government policy from 1970-2010 in the UK economy
state run industries sold to private shareholders. many older industries closed down. new private companies brought innovation and change
what was the government policy from 2010 onwards
‘rebalancing the economy by relying less on service industries. improvemetns to transport. more investment in manufacturing. encouraging global firms to locate in UK.
what is privatisation
when state-run industries are sold to private shareholders
what is a post industrial economy
where manufacturing industry declines and is replaced by growth in the service and quaternary sectors. this has happened in the UK from the 1970s
how has the development of information and technology moved the UK towards a post-industrial economy
because internet access enables people to work from home. over 1.3 million people work in the IT sector. the UK is one of the world’s leading digital economies
how have service industries and finance moved the UK towards a post-industrial economy
the UK service sector has grown rapidly and today it contributes over 79% of the UK’s GDP. finance is an important part of the service sector. the financial services sector accoundts for about 10% of the UK’s GDP. the UK is the world’s leading centre for financial services
what are some UK research organisations
NHS, universities, Environmental Agency, BBC, charities, engineering
how has finance moved the UK towards a post-industrial economy
the UK research sector employs over 60,000 highly qualified people and is estimated to contribute over £30 billion to the UK economy. this sector is likely to be one of the UK economy’s main growth areas in the future
what does the British Antarctic Survey help us understand
the British Antarctic Survey helps us to understand the impact of humans on the Earth’s natural systems
what is a science park
a science park is a group of scientific and technical knowledge-based businesses located on a single site. they may include support services such as financial services and marketing. Most are associated with universities, enabling them to use research facilities and employ skilled graduates
which Science Park includes one hundred small science and innovation businesses
Southampton Science Park
what benefits does the Southampton Science Park have
excellent transport links - close to M3, Southampton international airport and rail liks. excellent links with the University. attractive location with green areas
what is a business park
a business park is an area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses
why are business parks usually located on the edges of towns
because land is cheaper and more available, access is better with less congestion, businesses can benefit from working together
which business park is the UK’s largest business parks, with support facilities including retail outlets and a fitness centre
Cobalt Park
what benefits does the Cobalt Business park have
it is next to the A19, close to the A1 and 20 minutes from the international airport
what companies are located in the Cobalt Business park
Siemens, IBM and Santander
what do businesses located in the Cobalt Park qualify for
businesses located in the Cobalt Park qualify for governmental assistance
what does the 2014 ‘Road Investment Strategy’ include
the 2014 ‘Road Investment Strategy’ includes 100 new road schemes by 2020. 1300 new lane miles added to motorways and trunk roads and extra lanes added to turn main motorways into ‘smart motorways’. The new road schemes wil create thousands of construction jobs and boost local and regional economies
what railway improvement are being made to stimulate economic growth in the north of the UK
improving trans-Pennine rail links by reducing journey times by up to 15 minutes. HS2 - a planned high speed rail line to connect London with Birmingham, Sheffield, Leeds and Manchester. HS2 is controversial because the route passes through countryside and close to many homes
what is HS2
HS2 is a planned high speed rail line to connect London with Birmingham, Sheffield, Leeds and Manchester
about how many passengers travel through UK ports each year
about 32 million passengers travel through UK ports each year
how many people do ports employ
ports employ around 120000 people
what changes are being made to UK’s ports
Bristol (Avonmouth) - £195 million invested for bulk handling and storage facilities. A new terminal at Felixstowe and upgraded cruise facilities at Harwich
what are some advantages of airports
airports create vital global links, they provide thousands of jobs, they boost economic growth both regionally and nationally
what roads improvements are being made (South-West ‘super highway’
a £2 billion road widening project will take place on the A303. Converting the route to dual carriageway will create a ‘super highway’ to Plymouth and beyond
how has the A303 been improved
safety improvemtns to the A303/30. Dual carriageway between Sparkford and Lichester. A358:dual carriageway between Southfields and Taunton. Dual carriageway between Amesbury and Berwick Down, with tunnel underneath Stonehenge
what is the London Crossrail
Crossrail is a new railway across London that links Reading and Heathrow (to the west), to Shenfield and Abbey Wood (to the east)
what are some benefits of Crossrail
Crossrail (and Crossrail 2) will reduce journey times acrosss London. It will bring an additional 1.5 million people within 45 minutes’ commuting distance of London’s key business districts
what is Liverpool2
a new container terminal that is being constructed as the the Port of Liverpool. The project will more than double the port’s capacity to over 1.5 million containers a year. Phase 1 opened in 2016
what are some advantages of the new Liverpool2 terminal when it is complete
it will create thousands of jobs in the north west. It will boost the regional economy. It will reduce the amoutn of freight traffic on the roads
what are some facts about expanding London’s airports
in 2015, a government report recommended a third runway at Heathrow. The cost would be £18.6 billion. the report recommended financial support for soundproofing homes and schools and a ban on night-time flights. This was predicted to create more jobs and make more money for the UK. People living nearby re concerned about the noise and air pollution from planes
what are some facts of South Cambridgeshire
it is an area of population growth. it is a rural area. the population is 150,000+. this is growing due to migration. from 2012-2013 there was a 25% increase in NI applications
what are some social effects of South Cambridgeshire
80% car ownership is leading to increased traffic on narrow roads and reducing oubkic transport use. Commuters use servcies where they work and not where they live. Young people cannot afford high house prices. Modern developments on the edges of villages and the gentrification of farm buildings depletes community sprirt
what are some economic effects of the population growing in South Cambridgeshire
lack of affordable housing. increasing number of migrants can put pressures on local services. jobs lost in agriculture as farmers sell land but and increase in construction jobs. high demand for petrol leads to a hike in the prices
what are some facts of the Outer Hebrides
it is an area of population decline. 27,400 people live there. there are 65 islands and Lewis is the largest. Limited opportunities means young people migrate away
what are some social effects of the Outer Hebrides
drops in young people means scool closures. less young to provide care for elderly population. less people of working age means a continued fall in job opportunites
what are the economic impacts of farming in the Outer Hebrides
the main farming economy is sheep breeding on farms called crofts. most crofts can only offer locals up to 2 days of employement each
what are the economic impacts of fishing in the Outer Hebrides
in 1948 there were 900+ fishing boats. now there is only a handful catching prawns and lobster. fish farm development has been limited after environment concerns were voiced
what are the economic impacts of tourism in the Outer Hebrides
between 2007-2014 there was a 27% increase in visitors to the islands. current infrastructure cannot support increasing numbers of tourists
in the UK, we often talk about the ‘north-south’ divide. This refers to the real or imagined cultural and economic differences between:
the south of England (the South East, Greater London, the South West and parts of easter Europe). the north of England (Yorkshire, the Humber, the North East and North West) and the rest of the UK
why is the south better than the north
emloyment, histroic reasons, capital investment, transport and infrastucture, climate, de-industrialisation, greater access to Europe, more appealing tourist locations, greate education opportunities, high wages, better standard of living, higher quality of life, higher life expectancy
why is there a north-south divide in the UK
during Industrial Revolution, the UK’s growth was centered on the coastfields in Wales, northern England and Scotland. heavy industries and engineering thrived in cities such as Manchesterm Sheffield and Glasgow, generating weath and properity. London and the South East developed rapidly due to a faster growing service sector
how can regional strategies adress the north-south issue
financial support from the UK government and the EU has helped new businessess and improvements in infrastructure. foreign investment has been encourages in the north. the ‘Northern Powerhouse’ helped balance the wealth and influence of London and the South East (this includes developing economies of major cities). food, tourism and energy are to be developed in rural areas
what are enterprise zones
Enterprise zones are designated areas across England that provide tax breaks and Government support
what is a Local Enterprise Partnership
A Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP) is a locally-owned partnership between local authorities and businesses
what are the UK’s economic links
The UK has strong political links with many countries. It is a member of the EU and the Commonwealth which is one of the world’s oldest political groups. The UK also has other political links, such as the Group of Seven (G7)
what is the commonwealth
The Commonwealth is a group of 53 countries and it began when those countries were ruled by Britain. There are important trading and cultural links between the UK and the Commonwealth countries
what are the UK links with trade
the UK imports and exports goods from many countries. Over 50% of UK trade is with EU countries. The UK’s next biggest trading partners are found in Asia and Oceania. Foreign exports also include money spent by tourists visiting the country. The UK’s biggest exports are machinery and transport equipment.
what are the UK links with culture
Culture – UK literature, music, cinema, Sport, television, history and architecture are important globally. Books are sold worldwide. UK sports are showcased through events such as the Olympics. UK architecture can be seen in many commonwealth countries. Tourists visit the UK to experience the culture and many UK cities have been labelled ‘cities of culture’.
what are the UK links with transport
increasing air travel is strengthening the UK’s links with other countries. The UK has modern port facilities and a high speed rail link to Europe
what are the UK links with communications
the UK is linked to the rest of the world via the internet. Internet cables beneath the sea provide a fast connection to countries globally
what is the Lanchashire enterprise partnership
a creative collaboration of leaders from businesses universities and local councils, who direct economic growth and drive job creation
What are the physical environmental impacts of industry
Mining and quarrying are economic activities that have environmental impacts. Modern manufacturing industries also have an impact. These include air and water pollution, soil segregation, excess landfill, chemical run off and transport emissions
How can industrial development be more sustainable
Technology updates to reduce emissions. Desulphurisation removes harmful gases from manufacturing chimneys. Strict environmental targets for water quality, air pollution and landscape damage. Sustainable development is at the heart of planning regulations and approval of mining and quarrying
What harmful impacts on the environment does quarrying have
It destroys natural habits, polluteds nearby water courses, it can scar the landscape
what are some examples of restoration that companies are using to restore or improve a quarry
landfill, agriculture, habitat creation, housing, food storage. Recycling is encouraged to reduce waste and there are strict controls on blasting, removal of dust from roads and landcaping
what are some facts about Tor Quarry
it is operated by Aggregae Industries. It is one of 8 limestone quarries on the Mendip Hills, Over 100 people are employed and it is estimated that the quarry contributes more than £15 million towards the local economy each year. Quarrying began at Tor quarry in the 1940’s. The quarry occupies a 2.5km2 site, located 7km east of Shepton Mallet. In 2010, a planning application was made to deepen the Quarry to extend operations to 2040
How does quarrying at Tor Quarry aim to be more environmentally sustainable
the quarry is being restored to create wildlife lakes for recreation and water supply. Rail transport minimises the impact on local roads and villages. Regular monitoring of noise, vibration, airborne emissions and water supply
How has the EU affected the UK
financial support for farmers and disadvantages regions in the UK. There are EU laws and controls on crime, pollution and consumer’s rights. Goods, services, capital and labour can move freely between member states and encourages trade
