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GCSE Geography Paper 2 > Section B - The Changing UK Economy > Flashcards

Section B - The Changing UK Economy Flashcards

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1
Q

what are examples of the primary industry

A

farming, mining and fishing

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2
Q

what are examples of the secondary industry

A

manufacturing

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3
Q

what are examples of the tertiary industry

A

health care, offices, financial services and retail

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4
Q

what are examples of the quaternary industry

A

research development, IT and media

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5
Q

what is de-industrialisation

A

the decline in the secondary (manufacturing) industry and the subsequent growth in tertiary and quaternary employment

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6
Q

why has de-industrialisation taken place

A

machines and technology have replaced many people. other coutnries, e.g. China, can produce cheaper goods because labour is less expensive

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7
Q

what is globalisation

A

globalisation is the growth and spread of ideas around the world. globalisation has increased the quanternary sector

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8
Q

what was the government policy from 1945-1979 in the UK economy

A

the government created state run industries. Government money ‘propped up’ unprofitable industries

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9
Q

what was the government policy from 1970-2010 in the UK economy

A

state run industries sold to private shareholders. many older industries closed down. new private companies brought innovation and change

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10
Q

what was the government policy from 2010 onwards

A

‘rebalancing the economy by relying less on service industries. improvemetns to transport. more investment in manufacturing. encouraging global firms to locate in UK.

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11
Q

what is privatisation

A

when state-run industries are sold to private shareholders

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12
Q

what is a post industrial economy

A

where manufacturing industry declines and is replaced by growth in the service and quaternary sectors. this has happened in the UK from the 1970s

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13
Q

how has the development of information and technology moved the UK towards a post-industrial economy

A

because internet access enables people to work from home. over 1.3 million people work in the IT sector. the UK is one of the world’s leading digital economies

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14
Q

how have service industries and finance moved the UK towards a post-industrial economy

A

the UK service sector has grown rapidly and today it contributes over 79% of the UK’s GDP. finance is an important part of the service sector. the financial services sector accoundts for about 10% of the UK’s GDP. the UK is the world’s leading centre for financial services

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15
Q

what are some UK research organisations

A

NHS, universities, Environmental Agency, BBC, charities, engineering

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16
Q

how has finance moved the UK towards a post-industrial economy

A

the UK research sector employs over 60,000 highly qualified people and is estimated to contribute over £30 billion to the UK economy. this sector is likely to be one of the UK economy’s main growth areas in the future

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17
Q

what does the British Antarctic Survey help us understand

A

the British Antarctic Survey helps us to understand the impact of humans on the Earth’s natural systems

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18
Q

what is a science park

A

a science park is a group of scientific and technical knowledge-based businesses located on a single site. they may include support services such as financial services and marketing. Most are associated with universities, enabling them to use research facilities and employ skilled graduates

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19
Q

which Science Park includes one hundred small science and innovation businesses

A

Southampton Science Park

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20
Q

what benefits does the Southampton Science Park have

A

excellent transport links - close to M3, Southampton international airport and rail liks. excellent links with the University. attractive location with green areas

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21
Q

what is a business park

A

a business park is an area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses

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22
Q

why are business parks usually located on the edges of towns

A

because land is cheaper and more available, access is better with less congestion, businesses can benefit from working together

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23
Q

which business park is the UK’s largest business parks, with support facilities including retail outlets and a fitness centre

A

Cobalt Park

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24
Q

what benefits does the Cobalt Business park have

A

it is next to the A19, close to the A1 and 20 minutes from the international airport

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25
Q

what companies are located in the Cobalt Business park

A

Siemens, IBM and Santander

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26
Q

what do businesses located in the Cobalt Park qualify for

A

businesses located in the Cobalt Park qualify for governmental assistance

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27
Q

what does the 2014 ‘Road Investment Strategy’ include

A

the 2014 ‘Road Investment Strategy’ includes 100 new road schemes by 2020. 1300 new lane miles added to motorways and trunk roads and extra lanes added to turn main motorways into ‘smart motorways’. The new road schemes wil create thousands of construction jobs and boost local and regional economies

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28
Q

what railway improvement are being made to stimulate economic growth in the north of the UK

A

improving trans-Pennine rail links by reducing journey times by up to 15 minutes. HS2 - a planned high speed rail line to connect London with Birmingham, Sheffield, Leeds and Manchester. HS2 is controversial because the route passes through countryside and close to many homes

29
Q

what is HS2

A

HS2 is a planned high speed rail line to connect London with Birmingham, Sheffield, Leeds and Manchester

30
Q

about how many passengers travel through UK ports each year

A

about 32 million passengers travel through UK ports each year

31
Q

how many people do ports employ

A

ports employ around 120000 people

32
Q

what changes are being made to UK’s ports

A

Bristol (Avonmouth) - £195 million invested for bulk handling and storage facilities. A new terminal at Felixstowe and upgraded cruise facilities at Harwich

33
Q

what are some advantages of airports

A

airports create vital global links, they provide thousands of jobs, they boost economic growth both regionally and nationally

34
Q

what roads improvements are being made (South-West ‘super highway’

A

a £2 billion road widening project will take place on the A303. Converting the route to dual carriageway will create a ‘super highway’ to Plymouth and beyond

35
Q

how has the A303 been improved

A

safety improvemtns to the A303/30. Dual carriageway between Sparkford and Lichester. A358:dual carriageway between Southfields and Taunton. Dual carriageway between Amesbury and Berwick Down, with tunnel underneath Stonehenge

36
Q

what is the London Crossrail

A

Crossrail is a new railway across London that links Reading and Heathrow (to the west), to Shenfield and Abbey Wood (to the east)

37
Q

what are some benefits of Crossrail

A

Crossrail (and Crossrail 2) will reduce journey times acrosss London. It will bring an additional 1.5 million people within 45 minutes’ commuting distance of London’s key business districts

38
Q

what is Liverpool2

A

a new container terminal that is being constructed as the the Port of Liverpool. The project will more than double the port’s capacity to over 1.5 million containers a year. Phase 1 opened in 2016

39
Q

what are some advantages of the new Liverpool2 terminal when it is complete

A

it will create thousands of jobs in the north west. It will boost the regional economy. It will reduce the amoutn of freight traffic on the roads

40
Q

what are some facts about expanding London’s airports

A

in 2015, a government report recommended a third runway at Heathrow. The cost would be £18.6 billion. the report recommended financial support for soundproofing homes and schools and a ban on night-time flights. This was predicted to create more jobs and make more money for the UK. People living nearby re concerned about the noise and air pollution from planes

41
Q

what are some facts of South Cambridgeshire

A

it is an area of population growth. it is a rural area. the population is 150,000+. this is growing due to migration. from 2012-2013 there was a 25% increase in NI applications

42
Q

what are some social effects of South Cambridgeshire

A

80% car ownership is leading to increased traffic on narrow roads and reducing oubkic transport use. Commuters use servcies where they work and not where they live. Young people cannot afford high house prices. Modern developments on the edges of villages and the gentrification of farm buildings depletes community sprirt

43
Q

what are some economic effects of the population growing in South Cambridgeshire

A

lack of affordable housing. increasing number of migrants can put pressures on local services. jobs lost in agriculture as farmers sell land but and increase in construction jobs. high demand for petrol leads to a hike in the prices

44
Q

what are some facts of the Outer Hebrides

A

it is an area of population decline. 27,400 people live there. there are 65 islands and Lewis is the largest. Limited opportunities means young people migrate away

45
Q

what are some social effects of the Outer Hebrides

A

drops in young people means scool closures. less young to provide care for elderly population. less people of working age means a continued fall in job opportunites

46
Q

what are the economic impacts of farming in the Outer Hebrides

A

the main farming economy is sheep breeding on farms called crofts. most crofts can only offer locals up to 2 days of employement each

47
Q

what are the economic impacts of fishing in the Outer Hebrides

A

in 1948 there were 900+ fishing boats. now there is only a handful catching prawns and lobster. fish farm development has been limited after environment concerns were voiced

48
Q

what are the economic impacts of tourism in the Outer Hebrides

A

between 2007-2014 there was a 27% increase in visitors to the islands. current infrastructure cannot support increasing numbers of tourists

49
Q

in the UK, we often talk about the ‘north-south’ divide. This refers to the real or imagined cultural and economic differences between:

A

the south of England (the South East, Greater London, the South West and parts of easter Europe). the north of England (Yorkshire, the Humber, the North East and North West) and the rest of the UK

50
Q

why is the south better than the north

A

emloyment, histroic reasons, capital investment, transport and infrastucture, climate, de-industrialisation, greater access to Europe, more appealing tourist locations, greate education opportunities, high wages, better standard of living, higher quality of life, higher life expectancy

51
Q

why is there a north-south divide in the UK

A

during Industrial Revolution, the UK’s growth was centered on the coastfields in Wales, northern England and Scotland. heavy industries and engineering thrived in cities such as Manchesterm Sheffield and Glasgow, generating weath and properity. London and the South East developed rapidly due to a faster growing service sector

52
Q

how can regional strategies adress the north-south issue

A

financial support from the UK government and the EU has helped new businessess and improvements in infrastructure. foreign investment has been encourages in the north. the ‘Northern Powerhouse’ helped balance the wealth and influence of London and the South East (this includes developing economies of major cities). food, tourism and energy are to be developed in rural areas

53
Q

what are enterprise zones

A

Enterprise zones are designated areas across England that provide tax breaks and Government support

54
Q

what is a Local Enterprise Partnership

A

A Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP) is a locally-owned partnership between local authorities and businesses

55
Q

what are the UK’s economic links

A

The UK has strong political links with many countries. It is a member of the EU and the Commonwealth which is one of the world’s oldest political groups. The UK also has other political links, such as the Group of Seven (G7)

56
Q

what is the commonwealth

A

The Commonwealth is a group of 53 countries and it began when those countries were ruled by Britain. There are important trading and cultural links between the UK and the Commonwealth countries

57
Q

what are the UK links with trade

A

the UK imports and exports goods from many countries. Over 50% of UK trade is with EU countries. The UK’s next biggest trading partners are found in Asia and Oceania. Foreign exports also include money spent by tourists visiting the country. The UK’s biggest exports are machinery and transport equipment.

58
Q

what are the UK links with culture

A

Culture – UK literature, music, cinema, Sport, television, history and architecture are important globally. Books are sold worldwide. UK sports are showcased through events such as the Olympics. UK architecture can be seen in many commonwealth countries. Tourists visit the UK to experience the culture and many UK cities have been labelled ‘cities of culture’.

59
Q

what are the UK links with transport

A

increasing air travel is strengthening the UK’s links with other countries. The UK has modern port facilities and a high speed rail link to Europe

60
Q

what are the UK links with communications

A

the UK is linked to the rest of the world via the internet. Internet cables beneath the sea provide a fast connection to countries globally

61
Q

what is the Lanchashire enterprise partnership

A

a creative collaboration of leaders from businesses universities and local councils, who direct economic growth and drive job creation

62
Q

What are the physical environmental impacts of industry

A

Mining and quarrying are economic activities that have environmental impacts. Modern manufacturing industries also have an impact. These include air and water pollution, soil segregation, excess landfill, chemical run off and transport emissions

63
Q

How can industrial development be more sustainable

A

Technology updates to reduce emissions. Desulphurisation removes harmful gases from manufacturing chimneys. Strict environmental targets for water quality, air pollution and landscape damage. Sustainable development is at the heart of planning regulations and approval of mining and quarrying

64
Q

What harmful impacts on the environment does quarrying have

A

It destroys natural habits, polluteds nearby water courses, it can scar the landscape

65
Q

what are some examples of restoration that companies are using to restore or improve a quarry

A

landfill, agriculture, habitat creation, housing, food storage. Recycling is encouraged to reduce waste and there are strict controls on blasting, removal of dust from roads and landcaping

66
Q

what are some facts about Tor Quarry

A

it is operated by Aggregae Industries. It is one of 8 limestone quarries on the Mendip Hills, Over 100 people are employed and it is estimated that the quarry contributes more than £15 million towards the local economy each year. Quarrying began at Tor quarry in the 1940’s. The quarry occupies a 2.5km2 site, located 7km east of Shepton Mallet. In 2010, a planning application was made to deepen the Quarry to extend operations to 2040

67
Q

How does quarrying at Tor Quarry aim to be more environmentally sustainable

A

the quarry is being restored to create wildlife lakes for recreation and water supply. Rail transport minimises the impact on local roads and villages. Regular monitoring of noise, vibration, airborne emissions and water supply

68
Q

How has the EU affected the UK

A

financial support for farmers and disadvantages regions in the UK. There are EU laws and controls on crime, pollution and consumer’s rights. Goods, services, capital and labour can move freely between member states and encourages trade

GCSE Geography Paper 2 (8 decks)

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