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Physiology 214 > Section 9: Endocrine > Flashcards

Section 9: Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is TSH

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

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2
Q

What is ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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3
Q

What is GH

A

Growth hormone

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4
Q

What are the gonadotropic hormones ?

A

FSH (folicle stimulating hormone) and LH (lutenizing hormone)

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5
Q

What is ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of hormones ?

A

Peptide (protein)
Steroid
Amine

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7
Q

Compare and contrast the signaling methods of hydrophilic and lipophilic hormones

A

Hydrophilic hormones bind to surface membrane receptors and produce effects through a signal transduction system (cAMP or Ca)

Lipophilic hormones bind to nuclear receptors and alter gene transcription/protein synthesis

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8
Q

What are the types of signaling between cells using hormones (4)

A

Hormone (endocrine) secretion (through blood)
paracrine secretion (local cell target)
Neurotransmitter (neuron to target cell)
Neurohormone (from neuron through blood)

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9
Q

What hormones are produced fron the adrenal cortex ? (4)

A

Aldosterone
progesterone
cortisol
androgens

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10
Q

What hormones are produced in the ovary ? (3)

A

Androgens
oestrogen
progesterone

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11
Q

What hormones are produced in the anterior pituitary ? (6)

A 
Prolactin
TSH
LH
FSH
GH
ACTH
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12
Q

What hormones are made in the placenta ? (4)

A

hCG
Oestrogen
progesterone
placental lactogen

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13
Q

What are the effects of oxytocin ?

A
  • Uterine smooth muscle contraction
  • Mammary gland myoepithelial cell contraction
  • Pair bonding and maternal behaviour
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14
Q

What structure is the posterior pituitary gland connected to ?

A

The hypthalamus

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15
Q

What is a tropic hormone

A

It is a hormone that in turn stimulates another gland

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16
Q

What is the effect of TSH ?

A

It is released by the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate the thyroid to release TH

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17
Q

What is the effect of ACTH

A

It is released by the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate the secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex

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18
Q

What is the effect of FSH

A

It is released by the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate the release of oestrogen by the ovaries

It is also required for sperm production

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19
Q

What is the effect of LH ?

A

It is released by the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate ovulation secretion of ovarian steroids.
It stimulates testosterone release in males

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20
Q

What is the effect of GH ?

A

It is released by the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate somatomedin (IGF-1) secretion by the liver

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21
Q

What is the effect of prolactin ?

A

It is released by the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate the production of milk

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22
Q

`What are the 3 portal vein systems in the body ?

A

Kidney, liver, brain (hypothalamus)

and GI

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23
Q

What is the difference between a primary and secondary endocrine pathology ?

A

Primary means that it is an issue with the final endocrine organ within the axis

Secondary means that the pathology originates in an upstream component of the axis

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24
Q

How can you tell if an endocrine disease is primary or secondary ?

A

Check if the feedback system is functional.
If the negative feedback is functional, it is primary.
If the feedback is nonfunctional, it is secondary.

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25
Q

What are the functional units of the thyroid ?

A

Follicles (lumen is filled with colloid)

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26
Q

What are the C cells of the thyroid ?

A

They make calcetronin

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27
Q

What is thyroid hormone made of ?

A

T4 is made of 2 tyrosines and 4 iodines

T3 is made of 2 tyrosines and 3 iodines

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28
Q

What causes the ionization of Iodine in the thyroid ?

A

TPO (thyroperoxidase)

29
Q

What are the effects of thyroid hormone ? (6)

A
  • Main determinant of basal metabolic rate
  • influence metabolism of CHO, fat, and protein
  • Increases target cell responsiveness to catecholamines
  • increases heart rate and force of contraction
  • essential for normal growht
  • Plays role in development of nervous system (cretinism)
30
Q

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

A
  • Slow metabolic rate; weight gain
  • Cold intolerant
  • Depression
  • Effects on the nervous system (slowed reflexes, slow speech and thought processes, and feelings of fatigue)
  • Slow heart rate (bradycardia)

Causes creatinsim in diagnosed children

31
Q

Hyperthyroidism symptoms

A
  • Nervousness or irritability • Fatigue or muscle weakness (proteins being metabolised)
  • Trouble sleeping
  • Heat intolerance
  • Hand tremors
  • Rapid and irregular heartbeat
  • Frequent bowel movements or diarrhea
  • Weight loss without loss of appetite
  • Mood swings
  • Goiter
32
Q

What does iatrogenic mean ?:

A

Disease induced by drugs

33
Q

What are the 3 scenarios that would lead to a goitre ?

A

Brain tumour
Iodine deficiency
Graves

34
Q

Would you expect goitre to be associated with secondary hypothyroidism?

A

No,

Secondary hypothyroidism is an issue with the brain, not the thyroid

35
Q

What are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland and what do they do ?

A 
The adrenal cortex (outside) makes steroid hormones
The medula (inside) makes catecholamines (mostly epinepherine)
36
Q

What are the 3 categories of adrenal steroids ?

A

Mineraocorticoids (eg aldosterone)
Influence mineral balance esp Na/K

Glucocorticoids (eg cortisol)
control metabolism

Sex hormones

37
Q

What is the effect of cortisol ?

A

It is a glucocorticoid that plays a role in stress (initiates starvation mode)
Cause gluconeogenesis and lypolysis, breaks down protein for glucose.
Inhibits glucose uptake by most tissues except brain

38
Q

What hormones are released during stress ?

A

Epinephrine (fight or flight)

CRH/ACTH/Cortisol (energy production)

Glucagon (release glucose and suppress insulin)

Renin/angotensin/Alsosterone (conserve salt and water in case of blood loss)

Vasopressin (increase BP)

39
Q

Hypercortisolism/Cushing’s Syndrome symptoms (6)

A

Obesity (truncal)
Moon face (caused by collagen breakdown)
Buffalo hump (caused by fatty acids being released into blood, so they migrate)
Reduced muscle mass
Stria (stretch marks due to collagen loss)
Increased hair growth

40
Q

Symptoms of Adrenocortical insufficency

A
  • Risk of infection
  • Poor stress response
Seen in primary insufficency
• Wgt loss 
• Anorexia 
• Hypotension 
• Hyperpigmentation
41
Q

Why are some symptoms of adrenocortical insufficency seen in primary, but not secondary ?

A

ACTH (and its breakdown products) has many effects including appetite supression and melanin synthesis

42
Q

What do the alpha cells in the pancreas do ?

A

Secrete glucagon

43
Q

What do the D cells in the pancreas do ?

A

Secrete somatostatin

44
Q

What do the Beta cells in the pancreas do ?

A

Secrete insulin, amylin

45
Q

What stimulates the release of glucagon ?

A

A fall in blood glucose on pancreatic alpha cells

46
Q

What GLUT transporters are insulin dependent ?

A

GLUT 4

Insulin stimulates the exocytosis of GLUT 4 transporters

47
Q

Why does DM cause ketoacidosis ?

A

Pts with DM cannot absorb glucose, so they go to ketones

48
Q

What do sulfonyureas do ?

A

they are drugs that close potassium channels to secrete insulin. They are used to treat DM

49
Q

What does metformin do ?

A

It reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis

50
Q

GH has what effect, related to insulin

A

They have opposite effects, GH promotes utilization of reserves to build tissue.

51
Q

What happens in the epiphyseal plates ?

A

The epiphysial plates are built by chondrocytes, which grow and die. The matrix left by the dead chondrocytes are cleared by osteoclasts and calcified by osteoblasts.

52
Q

What is a cause of dwarfism ?

A

Laron dwarfism is caused by IGF-1 resistance

53
Q

What is caused by growth hormone excess ?

A

Gigantism - before fusion of epiphyseal plates

Acromegaly - after adolescence

54
Q

Effect of calcitonoin

A

Lowers Ca2+ in blood (made by C cells)

55
Q

Effect of PTH

A

Increase calcium in blood

56
Q

outline testosterone release in males

A

GnRH in pituitary gland stimulates secretion of LH and FSH, which stimulate Spermatogenesis, which causes the leydig cells in the testes to release testosterone.

57
Q

Steroidogenesis in females

A

LH stimulates thecal cells which convert cholesterol into androgen
Androgen goes into granulosa that convert androgen to estrogen
estrogen is secreted

58
Q

Folicular phase and luteal phase in ovary are what in the uterus

A

Menstral and secretory phases

59
Q

What is an acrosome ?

A

membrane of head of sperm

60
Q

What is the cortical reaction ?

A

After a sperm enters the ovum, it prevents the entrance of any more sperm

61
Q

Advantages of Breastfeeding for the Infant

A

Helps development of immune system

62
Q

Advantages of Breastfeeding for Mother

A
  • Stimulates uterine contractions and faster uterine involution
  • Resumption of ovulation delayed – Birth interval increased
  • Mechanism – Suckling stimulus – Hyperprolactinemia – On demand breast feeding is most effective
63
Q

How does breastfeeding help the uterus recover ?

A

Increased oxytocin causes contraction of the uterus

64
Q

What is the hormone that differentiates sexes during development ?

A

Mullerian inhibiting factor in males degenerates Mullerian ducts

The absence of testosterone causes degeneration of wolffian ducts

65
Q

What happens in androgen insensitivity syndrome ?

A

Gentetically male, but phenotypically female

66
Q

What is the effect of leptin on puberty ?

A

Low leptin levels delay puberty, but high levels do not induce it

Kisspeptin can induce early pubrety

67
Q

What classifies true precocious puberty ?

A

GnRH is elevated,

Treat with GnRH.
Typically released in pulses, so it prevents next ‘wave’

68
Q

What classifies adrenal 21 hydroxylase deficency ?

A

The enzyme to make cortisol is absent, so ACTH is increased.

The adrenal cortex is stimulated and androgens are secreted (cortisol would be too, but it cant be made)

Physiology 214 (8 decks)

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