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HCHS GCSE Science 3 - Biology > Section 8 - Exchange and Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Section 8 - Exchange and Transport in Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do organisms exchange materials with the environment?

A

They must take in substances that they need and remove waste products.

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2
Q

What common substances are exchanged between organisms and the environment? Why and how is this done?

A

Oxygen, which is needed for respiration and enters the cells by diffusion.
Carbon Dioxide, a waste product of respiration and leaves the cells by diffusion.
Water, which is needed for various cellular processes and reactions and is taken in by cells through osmosis.
Urea, which is a waste product produced by animals from proteins, diffuse out of cells into the blood plasma before being removed by the kidneys.

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3
Q

What is the most important factor for an organism for exchanging substances with the environment?

A

Surface area to volume ratio.

SA:V

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4
Q

What is a ratio?

A

A comparison between two or more values.

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5
Q

Describe the trend between an organism’s size and its surface area to volume ratio?

A

The larger an organism is, the smaller its surface area compared to its volume.

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6
Q

How is surface area to volume ratio calculated?

A

start with; total surface area: total volume

Then divide both sides by the total volume to get the ratio in the n:1 form

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7
Q

What are exchange surfaces?

A

Surfaces in multicellular organisms specially adapted so that sufficient amounts of specific necessary substances can easily diffuse in or out of the organism.

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8
Q

Why don’t single-celled organisms have exchange surfaces?

A

They have a large surface area compared to their volume, so sufficient amounts necessary substances easily diffuse in and out of them without the need of exchange surfaces.

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9
Q

Why do most multicellular organisms require exchange surfaces?

A

They have a low surface area compared to their volume, so not enough amounts of necessary substances would be able to diffuse in and out of them normally, exchange surfaces increase the surface area so that the organism has access to sufficient levels of these substances.

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10
Q

What is a mass transport system?

A

A system found in multicellular organisms that moves substances from the exchange surfaces to the rest of the body.

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11
Q

What are alveoli?

A

A type of exchange surface found in the lungs of mammals. They’re well adapted for the diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide.

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12
Q

What is the rate of diffusion?

A

The amount of a substance that diffuses over a certain period of time.

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13
Q

How does distance affect the rate of diffusion? Why?

A

The larger the distance a substance must diffuse across, the longer it will take to diffuse so the slower the rate of diffusion.

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14
Q

How does the concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion? Why?

A

The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion because there are more particles on one side compared to the other, this causes a rapid net movement in from the area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration.

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15
Q

How does the surface area affect the rate of diffusion? Why?

A

The larger the surface area, the faster the rate of diffusion, this is because there are more spaces available for molecules to diffuse across.

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the lungs?

A

To transfer Oxygen into and remove Carbon Doxide from the blood.

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17
Q

How do the lungs work?

A

Millions of alveoli act like small air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

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18
Q

How does the blood help with the function of the lungs?

A

Blood arriving at the lungs has just returned from the rest of the body, meaning it contains very little Oxygen and a lot of Carbon Dioxide, which creates a large concentration gradient so the Carbon Dioxide diffuses out into the air in the lungs and Oxygen diffuses into the blood from the air where it is then transported around the body.

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19
Q

List the adaptations of the alveoli for their purpose. What is the purpose of each adaptation?

A

Their moist lining aids for dissolving gasses.
The blood supply maintains the concentration gradients between the body and the air.
The thin walls minimise the distance of diffusion, increasing the rate of diffusion.
The large surface area increases the rate of diffusion.

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20
Q

What is Fick’s law? How is this written in a formula?

A 
A description of the relationship between the rate of diffusion, surface area, concentration difference and the thickness of the membrane.
R∝(SA×CD)÷MT
R= Rate of diffusion
SA= Surface area
CD= Concentration difference
MT= Thickness of membrane
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21
Q

What does Fick’s Law mean?

A

The rate of diffusion is proportional to the surface area multiplied by the concentration difference all divided by the thickness of the membrane.

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22
Q

What are the four main parts of blood?

A

Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelets and Plasma.

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23
Q

What are red blood cells also called?

A

Erythrocytes.

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24
Q

What is the purpose of red blood cells?

A

To carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body’s cells.

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25
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to their function?

A

They have a biconcave disc shape, to give a larger surface area for absorbing oxygen.
They don’t have a nucleus for more room to carry oxygen.
They contain the pigment haemoglobin, which contains iron and bonds with oxygen in the lungs to form oxyhaemoglobin which allows the blood to store oxygen. The reverse happens in the rest of the body so that the cells can access the oxygen.

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26
Q

What are the two types of white blood cell?

A

Phagocytes and lymphocytes.

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27
Q

What is the purpose of white blood cells?

A

To defend against infection.

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28
Q

How do phagocytes carry out their purpose? What is this called?

A

They change shape to engulf foreign microorganisms, this is called phagocytosis.

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29
Q

How do lymphocytes carry out their purpose?

A

They produce antibodies to target infecting microorganisms, some also produce antitoxins to neutralise any toxins the microorganisms produce.

30
Q

What happens to your white blood cell count during an infection?

A

The count rises as the white blood cells multiply to fight the infection.

31
Q

What are platelets?

A

Small fragments of cells.

32
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

To assist in the clotting process of blood.

33
Q

What is plasma?

A

A pale straw-coloured liquid found in blood.

34
Q

What is the function of plasma? List some examples.

A

To carry substances in the blood, including; red and white blood cells, platelets, glucose and amino acids, carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, proteins, antibodies and antitoxins.

35
Q

What are blood vessels?

A

Tubes in the body which transport the blood.

36
Q

What are the types of blood vessel?

A

Arteries, capillaries and veins.

37
Q

What do arteries do?

A

They transport the blood out of the heart to the capillaries.

38
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

They carry the blood to the body’s cells.

39
Q

What do veins do?

A

They transport the blood back to the heart.

40
Q

Describe how arteries are adapted and why they have adapted like this.

A

They have thick, strong and elastic walls compared to the lumen, this is because the heart pumps the blood at high pressures, the thick walls prevent puncturing.
Their walls contain muscle and elastic fibres, allowing them to stretch and spring back.

41
Q

What is the lumen?

A

The hole through the centre of a blood vessel.

42
Q

Describe how capillaries are adapted and why they have adapted like this.

A

Capillaries are narrow so they can fit into the gaps between cells, allowing them to exchange substances with every cell in the body.
They have thin, permeable walls, usually only one cell thick, so substances can diffuse in and out, quickly because of the smaller distance to diffuse across.

43
Q

Describe how veins are adapted and why they have adapted like this.

A

They have thin walls and a large lumen, so a lot of blood can flow in the vein, despite the lower pressure.
They have valves periodically which prevents blood backflow so the blood moves in the right direction.

44
Q

What type of circulatory system do mammals have? What does this mean?

A

Mammals have a double circulatory system, which means that deoxygenated goes to the heart from the body, where it is pumped to the lungs, the oxygenated blood returns to the heart before being pumped to the rest of the body.

45
Q

What type of circulatory system do fish have? What does this mean?

A

Fish have a single circulatory system, which means that deoxygenated blood from the body gets pumped by the heart into the gills, becoming oxygenated, and straight out into the rest of the body.

46
Q

Describe the structure of the mammalian heart?

A

Four chambers, four valves and four major blood vessels.

47
Q

What are the four different chambers of the heart?

A

The right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium and the left ventricle.

48
Q

What are the four major blood vessels of the heart?

A

Vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein and the aorta.

49
Q

Why is the heart asymmetrical, with the left side being much thicker than the right?

A

The left ventricle must pump blood to the entire body, whereas the right ventricle only has to pump to the lungs.

50
Q

Describe the path taken by the blood through the heart.

A

Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the vena cava, into the right atrium where it enters the right atrium through the tricuspid valve. It is then pumped to the lungs out of the first of the two semi-lunar valves and through the pulmonary artery. It returns as oxygenated blood through the pulmonary vein and into the left atrium, where it then enters the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve. It is then pumped to the rest of the body out of the second of the semi-lunar valves and through the aorta.

51
Q

What are the four valves of the heart?

A

The bicuspid valve, tricuspid valve and the two semi-lunar valves.

52
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped every minute by the heart.

53
Q

How is cardiac output calculated?

A

Cardiac output = heart rate × stroke volume

54
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of heart beats per minute.

55
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood moved in each heartbeat.

56
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process of releasing energy through the breakdown of organic compounds in cells.

57
Q

What type of reaction is respiration? Why?

A

Exothermic since it releases energy.

58
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

A

Aerobic and anaerobic.

59
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration that uses oxygen.

60
Q

What is the equation for the aerobic respiration of glucose?

A

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂→6CO₂+6H₂O

61
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Respiration that doesn’t use oxygen.

62
Q

What is the word equation for the anaerobic respiration of glucose in animals?

A

Glucose → Lactic Acid

63
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

Because the body can’t supply enough oxygen to the muscles for standard aerobic respiration, usually during intense exercise.

64
Q

What are the advantages of aerobic respiration of glucose?

A

Can go on indefinitely, more efficient

65
Q

What are the disadvantages of the aerobic respiration of glucose?

A

Requires oxygen.

66
Q

What are the advantages of the anaerobic respiration of glucose in animals?

A

Doesn’t require oxygen.

67
Q

What are the disadvantages of the anaerobic respiration of glucose in animals?

A

Limited time, since it causes a build-up of lactic acid, less efficient.

68
Q

What is the word equation for the anaerobic respiration of glucose in plants and yeast fungi?

A

Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

69
Q

What are the advantages of the anaerobic respiration of glucose in plants?

A

Doesn’t require oxygen.

70
Q

What are the disadvantages of the anaerobic respiration of glucose in plants?

A

Limited time, since it causes a build-up of ethanol, less efficient.

HCHS GCSE Science 3 - Biology (9 decks)

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