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Biology based on CGP > Section 7: Reproduction and Inheritance > Flashcards

Section 7: Reproduction and Inheritance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where in the cell is the genetic material?

A

the nucleus

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2
Q

what are chromosomes?

A

long lengths of DNA coiled up

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3
Q

what is a gene?

A

a short section of DNA

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4
Q

what does it mean if a cell is diploid?

A

they have two copies of each chromosome, arranged in pairs

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5
Q

what is the diploid number for a human?

A

46

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6
Q

what are alleles?

A

different versions of the same gene which give different versions of a characteristic, eg blue or brown eyes

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7
Q

what are the four different bases which hold together the two DNA strands?

A

adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine

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8
Q

how are the bases paired?

A

A-T

C-G

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9
Q

what acid is DNA a type of?

A

nucleic acid

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10
Q

what kind of cells does mitosis produce?

A

genetically identical cells

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11
Q

is mitosis involved in asexual or sexual reproduction?

A

asexual

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12
Q

is meiosis involved in asexual or sexual reproduction?

A

sexual

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13
Q

does cloning involve mitosis or meiosis?

A

mitosis

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14
Q

which type of cell division is response for the growth and repair of cells?

A

mitosis

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15
Q

when does meiosis occur?

A

to produce genetically different cells

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16
Q

what is the name for fertilised egg?

A

a zygote

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17
Q

describe tthe structure of DNA

A

double helix structure. Two strands of DNA are linked by paired bases called adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. These bases are paired A-T and C-G. This is called complimentary base pairing

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18
Q

what is the relationship between the genes and the characteristics of an organism?

A

each gene codes for a specific protein, which determines the characteristics an organisms has

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19
Q

what does asexual reproduction mean?

A

a cell replicates itself- only one parent is needed. The offspring will have identical genes to the parent: no variation

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20
Q

when a diploid cell divides by mitosis, what do you end up with?

A

two diploid cells

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21
Q

in humans, WHERE is the only place that meiosis occurs?

A

the reproductive organs: testes and ovaries

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22
Q

the gametes contain only 23 chromosomes each. what is the name given to this kind of cell?

A

haploid

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23
Q

when the gametes reproduce by meiosis, what kind of gametes do you end up with?

A

4 haploid gametes, all genetically different

24
Q

what is the name of the male reproductive part of a flower? what 2 parts does it consist of?

A

stamen consists of the anther and the filament

25
Q

what does the anther contain?

A

pollen grains- these produce the male gametes

26
Q

what is the filament?

A

the stalk that supports the anther

27
Q

what is the name of the female reproductive part of a flower? what 3 parts does it consist of?

A

the carpel consists of the ovary, style and stigma

28
Q

what is the role of the stigma?

A

the pollen grains attach to it

29
Q

what does the style do?

A

it supports the stigma

30
Q

what do the ovaries contain?

A

the female gametes - eggs

31
Q

what is pollination?

A

the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma, so that the male gametes can fertilise the gametes n sexual reproduction

32
Q

what is cross-pollination?

A

a type of reproduction in plants where pollen is transferred from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another

33
Q

how do insect pollinated plants’ petals differ from wind pollinated ones and why?

A

insect pollinated: big colourful petals to attract insects as opposed to the small dull ones of wind pollinated plsntd

34
Q

how do the pollen grains of an insect pollinated plant differ from those of a wind pollinated plant and why?

A

insect pollinated: big, sticky pollen grans to stick to insects as they go from plant to plant
wind pollinated: lots of them, small and light to be carried by the wind

35
Q

what is the stigma of a wind pollinated plant like & why? how does this differ from insect pollinated plants?

A

large and feathery to catch pollen as its carried past by the wind- it also hangs out of the flower. However the insect pollinated plant has a sticky stigma too so that pollen grains picked p by insects stick to it

36
Q

what is the process of fertilisation in plants?

A

pollen grain lands on stigma
pollen tube grows from pollen grain and down the style to the ovary
a nucleus from the male gamete moves down the tube to join with a female gamete in the ovary
fertilisation is when the two nuclei fuse to make a zygote. this divides by mitosis to form an embryo
each fertilised female gamete forms a seed. The ovary develops into a fruit around the seed

37
Q

how do strawberry plants reproduce?

A

they send out runners- fast growing stems that gro out sideways along the ground
the runners take root at various points and new plants
start to grow
the new plants are clones of the parent strawberry plant, so there’s no genetic variation between them

38
Q

where are the sperm made?

A

the testes

39
Q

sperm mix with a liquid to make what?

A

semen

40
Q

what is the role of the urethra in the male reproductive system?

A

carries sperm through the penis during ejaculation (urine leaves the body through here too)

41
Q

what happens to the erectile tissue when the penis becomes erect?

A

it swells as it is filled with blood

42
Q

what is the role of the glands in the male reproductive system?

A

produce the liquid to mix with sperm to make semen

43
Q

what is the vas deferens (sperm duct)?

A

muscular tube carrying sperm from testis towards urethra

44
Q

what does the scrotal sac (scrotum) contain?

A

the testes

45
Q

how often is an ovum produced?

A

every 28 days

46
Q

what is the role of the fallopian tube?

A

a muscular tube that carries the ovum from the ovary to the uterus

47
Q

what 2 things do the ovaries produce?

A

ova and sex hormones

48
Q

where does the embryo grow?

A

in the uterus

49
Q

what is the endometrium? & how is it adapted to hold the embryo

A

the lining of the uterus- has a good blood supply for implantation of an embryo

50
Q

what secondary sexual characteristics does oestrogen cause? (4)

A
  1. pubic hair
  2. hips widen
  3. breasts develop
  4. ovum release- start of periods
51
Q

what secondary sexxual characteristics does testosterone cause in men? (5)

A
  1. hair o face and body (extra)
  2. muscles develop
  3. penis and testicles enlarge
  4. sperm production
  5. deeper voice
52
Q

What is the effect of oestrogen?

A

Causes the uterus lining to thicken and grow, stimulates the release of an ovum (at day 14 of the menstrual cycle)

53
Q

What is the role of progesterone?

A

Maintains uterus lining- when the level of progesterone falls, the lining breaks down

54
Q

What happens to the levels of progesterone if a fertilised ovum implants in the uterus?

A

It stays high

55
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different versions of the same gene that determine a certain characteristic

56
Q

What does it mean if you are homozygous for a trait?

A

You have two alleles that are the same for that particular gene, eg CC or cc

57
Q

What does it mean if you are heterozygous for a trait?

A

You have two different alleles for that particular gene, eg Cc

Biology based on CGP (8 decks)

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