Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology based on CGP > Section 5: Blood and Organs > Flashcards

Section 5: Blood and Organs Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the role of the aorta? what kind of blood does it carry?

A

carries oxygenated blood away from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the role of the pulmonary artery? what kind of blood does it carry?

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the role of the pulmonary vein? what kind of blood does it carry?

A

carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the role of the hepatic vein? what kind of blood does it carry?

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the liver towards the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the role of the hepatic artery? what kind of blood does it carry?

A

carries oxygenated blood to the liver from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the role of the hepatic portal vein? what kind of blood does it carry?

A

carries oxygenated blood from the gut to the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the role of the renal vein? what kind of blood does it carry?

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the kidneys to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the role of the renal artery? what kind of blood does it carry?

A

carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys (from the heart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the four main components of the blood?

A

plasma, platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is plasma? what 6 things does it transport?

A

the liquid component of the blood, transports:

  • red and whit blood cells and platelets
  • digested food products from the gut to all the body cells
  • carbon dioxide from the body cells to the lungs
  • urea from the liver to the kidneys
  • hormones
  • heat energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the function of the red blood cells? how are they adapted to this function?

A

transport oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body. Adaptations:

  1. small and bioconcave to give a large surface area for absorbing and releasing oxygen
  2. contain haemoglobin which reacts with oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin. In body tissues the reverse reaction occurs to release oxygen to the cells
  3. don’t have a nucleus - frees up space for more haemoglobin so they can carry more oxygen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are pathogens?

A

microorganisms that cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

which cells form the main part of the immune system? what two types are there?

A

white blood cells: phagocytes and lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how do phagocytes destroy pathogens? are they specific/non-specific?

A

they detect things that are foreign to the bod and engulf and digest them. Non-specific, so will attack anything that isn’t meant to be n the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how do lymphocytes destroy pathogens? re they specific or non-specific?

A

they produce antibodies:
each pathogen has unique molecules called antigens on its surface. When lymphocytes come across a foreign antigen they start to produce proteins called antibodies which lock on to the invading pathogens and mark them out for destruction by other white blood cells.
The antibodies produces are specific to that kind of antigen.
Antibodies are then produced rapidly and flow around the body to mark all similar pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are memory cells and how do they work?

A

memory cells are lymphocytes that stay in the blood after the original infection has been fought off. They can reproduce very fast if the same antigen reenters the body. (This is why after having a disease you are generally immune to it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the role of the arteries? how are the arteries adapted for this function?

A

carry blood AWAY from the heart.

  • strong, elastic walls to withstand high pressure
  • thick walls in comparison to the size of the lumen, and contain thick layers of muscle to make them strong
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the role of capillaries? how are they adapted to this function?

A

involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues. Supply food and oxygen, take away wastes like CO2.

  • carry the blood really close to every cell in the body to exchange substances with them.
  • have permeable walls so that the substances can diffuse in and out
  • walls are one cell thick for an increased rate of diffusion due to the decreased distance over which it happens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the role of the veins? how are they adapted to this function?

A

carry the blood to the heart

  • thinner walls than the arteries, as the blood is at a lower pressure
  • bigger lumen than arteries to help blood flow despite the lower pressure
  • have valves to keep he blood flowing in the right direction
20
Q

what kind of blood does the right atrium of the heart receive?

A

deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava

21
Q

where does the right ventricle of the heart pump blood to, via what?

A

the lungs via the pulmonary artery

22
Q

what kind of blood does the left atrium of the heart receive, from where?

A

oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary vein

23
Q

why does the left ventricle of the heart have a much thicker wall than the right ventricle of the heart?

A

it needs more muscle because is has to pump blood around the whole body, whereas the right ventricle only has to pump t to the lungs - so the blood in the left ventricle is under higher pressure than the blood in the right ventricle

24
Q

what is the role of the valves in the heart?

A

prevent the backflow of blood

25
Q

what is the effect of exercise on heart rate? why?

A

increase because your muscles need more energy so you respire more. You need to get more oxygen into the cells and remove more cabondioxide. For this to happen the blood has to flow faster so heart rate increases

26
Q

describe the bodies response to exercise (in terms of process leading to increased heart rate)

A
  • exercise increases amount of CO2 in blood
  • high levels of blood CO2 are detected by receptor in the aorta and carotid artery (in the neck)
  • these receptor send signals to the brain
  • the brain sends signals to the heart causing it to beat faster and with more force
27
Q

how does the hormonal system help to control heart rate?

A

the adrenal glands release adrenaline which binds to specific receptors in the heart causing the cardiac muscles to contract more frequently and with more force so the heart rate increases and the heart pumps more blood. This increases oxygen supply to the tissues (so the body is ready for action - fight/flight)

28
Q

what are the three main roles of the kidneys?

A
  1. remove urea from the blood (produced in the liver from excess amino acids)
  2. adjust salt levels in the blood
  3. adjust water content in the blood
29
Q

what are the nephrons?

A

the filtration units in the kidneys

30
Q

in ultrafiltration, where does blood, from which artery, flow through at the start of the nephron?

A

blood from the renal artery flows through the glomerulus

31
Q

what is the glomerulus?

A

a bundle of capillaries at the start of the nephron

32
Q

what does the high pressure built up in the glomerulus squeeze into the Bowman’s capsule?

A

urea, salts, water and glucose

33
Q

after the high pressure in the glomerulus has squeezed certain small molecules into the bowman’s capsule what remains and why?

A

the big molecules like proteins and blood cells remain because they are too big to fit through the membranes between the blood vessels in the glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule

34
Q

what is the name given to the filtered liquid in the bowman’s capsule after ultrafiltration? what does it consist of

A

glomerular filtrate consisting of urea, water and salts

35
Q

what happens as the glomerular filtrate flows long the nephron?

A

useful substances are selectively reabsorbed

36
Q

where in the nephron is glucose reabsorbed? what process does this involve? how much glucose is reabsorbed?

A

ALL the glucose is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule in active transport

37
Q

where is sufficient amounts of water reabsorbed in the nephron?

A

the collecting duct

38
Q

what does urine contain? how does this leave the body from the nephron?

A

contains urea, salts and water. This continues out of the nephrons through the ureter and down to the bladder where it is stored before being released via the urethra

39
Q

what are the three main ways in which water is lost from the body?

A

sweating, breathing, urinating

40
Q

what is osmoregulation?

A

the body’s control of its water content

41
Q

what hormone controls the amount of water reabsorbed in the kidneys?

A

ADH

42
Q

how does ADH control the body’s water content?

A

by making the nephrons more permeable so more water is reabsorbed back into the blood

43
Q

where is ADH released from?

A

the pituitary gland in the brain

44
Q

what is negative feedback?

A

the process of osmoregulation that means that if the water content is too low or too high a mechanism will be triggered to bring it back to normal (hydrated)

45
Q

if the blood water content is low what is the effect on ADH production?

A

increased - more water reabsorbed in the kidneys

46
Q

if the blood water content is high what is the effect on ADH production?

A

decreased - less water reabsorbed in the kidneys

Biology based on CGP (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions