Section 6.1 & 6.2 psychological influences on the individual Flashcards
What are the features of trait theory?
An individual is born with innate characteristics, that are stable and stay the same in different situations
Why does trait theory attempt to predict behaviour?
If sports people are going to behave in the same way, we except and predict that behaviour most of the time
What is the definition of an extrovert?
Have a loud and bright personality
What are the problems with trait theory?
Does not take into account personality change, as personality can be formed from experiences
What is the social learning theory?
Suggest that behaviour is learned from significant others by socialisation
What does trait theory suggest?
Suggests that innate characteristics produce consistent behaviour
How can behaviours be reinforced and copied in the social learning theory?
If the behaviour being shown is successful and is consistently shown to the performer or loud and bright
What is the interactionist perspective?
A theory which combines trait and social learning to predict behaviour in a specific situation
What is the psychologist Lewin’s approach to personality?
He suggests that the traits with are adapted and used according to the situation
What is Lewin’s formula?
B=f(P*E), where behviour is the function of personality and environment
How does Lewin’s formula help coaches predict how a player will react?
Since inherent, consistent traits can be adapted to the situation, a typical response will be produced
What is Hollander’s approach to the interactionist theory?
Personality is made up of three features: the core of the performer, the typical responses and role-related behaviour
What does the core represent?
The underlying values and beliefs of the performer, which are not likely to change
What do the typical responses represent?
the usual responses a performer would make in given situation
What does role-related behaviour represent?
Suggests that the performer may adapt to a very specific role when the situation demands it
How does knowledge of the interactionist perspective improve performance?
Coach could predict any potential inacceptable behaviour / Create similar situation to those that drop performance in training / encourage players to adapt to specific circumstances
What is the definition for attitude?
An opinion about what your think about an attitude object
How are attitudes formed?
Through socialisation, picking up on opinions and values of others
How is attitude more likely to be learned?
If the behaviour learned and copied is from a significant other, which is reinforced or repeated multiple times
What is the triadic model?
Makes up the three parts of attitude: cognitive, affective and behavioural
What is cognitive component of the triadic model?
The most deep-rooted part of attitude, which represents a belief
What is the affective part of the triadic model?
Concerns the feelings and emotions of the performer and how they are interpreted
What is the behavioural part of the triadic model?
The actions of the performer, shown by the actions and the habits of the performer
What are the two concepts to change negative attitude?
Cognitive dissonance and persuasive communication
What is cognitive dissonance?
New information given to the performer to cause unease and motivation change
How is the method of cognitive dissonance used?
By putting pressure on one or more of the attitude components, causing a lack of harmony
What is persuasive communication
An effective form of communication to promote change
What components are needed to make persuasive communication effective?
Message needs to be relevant and understood / respected significant other / timing/ environment
Why might a positive attitude not always be possible?
due to the performers personality and mood state
What is arousal?
A level of activation, an energised state of readiness to performer
What can cause an increase in arousal?
level of competition /audience and frustrating circumstances
What is the drive theory?
As arousal increases so does performance, because it is likely that more effort is put into the performance
What is the formula for drive theory?
performance is the function of drive multiplied by habit (P=f(D*H))
What is a performers dominant response?
The stand-out response that the performer thinks is correct
What are negatives of the drive theory?
Doesn’t account for:
beginners
introverts
elite performers deteriorating under
pressure
What is the inverted U theory?
States that as arousal increase so does performance quality, up to an optimum point at moderate arousal
When does optimum performance occur at a lower level of arousal?
Novice/beginners
fine skills
complex skills
introverts
When does optimum performance occur at high levels of arousal?
Advanced/autonomous
gross skills
simple skills
extroverts
What is the definition of an introvert?
A performer who is reserved and avoids social situations
What is the catastrophe theory in arousal?
States that there will be a sudden drop in performance once optimal arousal has been exceeded
What causes the sudden drop in performance in the catastrophe theory?
A combination of high cognitive anxiety and high somatic anxiety
How can the effects of catastrophe theory be reversed?
Through the use of relaxation techniques e.g. deep breathing exercises or progressive muscle relaxation
What is the theory of Hanin’s zone of optimum functioning?
Suggests that optimal performance is achieved in a band or zone, not at a single point
What is the ‘zone’?
A mental state that performers normally only experience once or twice in their sporting career
What is peak flow?
The ultimate positive psychological state for a performer to reach
What happens to a performer when they have reached peak flow?
-Level of challenge matches skill level
-clear goal
-correct attentional style
-positive attitude before and during performance
-control over their arousal levels
What is anxiety?
A performers perception that their ability is not good enough
What is cognitive anxiety and give example?
mental symptoms of anxiety
e.g. worrying/ irrational thoughts/ confusion/ learned helplessness
What is somatic anxiety and give examples?
physiological symptoms of anxiety
e.g. increased heart rate/ blood pressure/ increased sweat levels/ muscular tension
What is cognitive trait anxiety?
The performer has a natural tendency to become anxious in all sporting scenarios
What causes anxiety?
Task importance
Fear of failing
Perceived inaccuracy of officials decision
Being fouled
Injury
Lack of self-confidence/efficacy
Audience
Evaluation apprehension
What is cognitive state anxiety?
The performer is only anxious in specific sporting situations and often high pressure moments
What is evaluation apprehension?
Anxiety felt by a performer due to feelings that they are being judged or appraised by others
What are the ways of measuring anxiety? Give positives and negatives
Questionnaires
Observation
Physiological measure
look at book!!
What is aggression?
An emotional response to a situation which there is an intent to harm outside the rules of the game
What is assertion?
When a performer plays hard, within the rules of the game with no intention to cause harm
What are the causes of aggression?
Playing badly
Feeling teammates aren’t trying
Disagreement with officials decision
Provocation by crowd/opponent
Game importance
Local derby
Religious/cultural reasons
Contact sport (excepted)
Naturally aggressive person
Social learning
Over-arousal
What are cognitive techniques to control aggression?
Mental rehearsal
Imagery
Visualisation
selective attention
Negative thought-stopping
Positive self-talk
What are somatic techniques to control aggression?
Relaxation techniques
Deep breathing
Biofeedback
Counting to ten
Walking away
Mantra
Channeling aggressive feelings into playing hard
What can the coach do to control aggression levels?
praise non-aggressive acts
Highlight non-aggressive role models
Punish aggression
Peer pressure - remind aggression is unacceptable
Set process and performance goals
Ensure own behaviour is not aggressive
Give responsibility
Performer understands their specific role
