Section 2.1 Skill characteristics and impact on transfer and practice Flashcards
What is the definition of a skill?
Learned ability to bring about pre-determined results
What are the characteristics of a good performance of a skill?
- learned
- consistent
- accuracy
- controlled
- goal directed
- fluent
- economical
- efficient
(ACEFACE)
What is the definition of an open skill?
A skill performed in an unpredictable environment
What is the definition of a closed skill?
A skill performed in a predictable environment
What is the definition of a gross skill?
A skill that uses large muscle groups
What is the definition of a fine skill?
A skill that uses smaller muscle groups
What is the definition of a self-paced skill?
When the performer controls the start and the speed of the skill
What is the definition of an externally paced skill?
When the performer has no control over the start and the speed of the skill
What is the definition of a discrete skill?
A skill that has a clear beginning and end
What is the definition of a sub-routine?
The actions that form the parts of a skill
What is the definition of a serial skill?
A skill that contains several discrete skills in order to make a more integrated movement
What is the definition of a low-organised skill?
A skill that is easily broken into parts
What is the definition of a continuous skill?
Has no clear beginning or end and often the end of one sub-routine is the start on next
What is the definition of a high- organised skill?
A skill that is not easily broken into parts
What is the definition of a simple skill?
A skill that requires few decisions when being performed
What is the definition of a complex skill?
A skill that requires decision making using lots of information when performed
What is transfer of learning?
The effect of the learning and performance of one skill on the learning and performance of another
What is the definition of a positive transfer?
When the learning of one skill helps the learning of another
What is the definition of a negative transfer?
When the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another
What is the definition of zero transfer?
When the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another
What is the definition of bilateral transfer?
When the learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb
How can a coach encourage positive transfer?
- make it realistic
- skill well learned before moving on (planned progression)
- reward and reinforcement
What is the definition of whole practice?
Practising the skill in its entirety without breaking it up into sub-routines
When is whole practice used?
- The skill is fast, ballistic and discrete
- Highly-organised
- simple, doesn’t require much thought
- get the kinesthesis feel
- autonomous stage
- links between sub-routines need to be maintained
What are the advantages of whole practice?
- gives kinesthesis feel and link between each sub-routine
- create specific images stored as motor programmes (LTM)
- More realistic, creates positive transfer between skills learned and performed in a match
- Makes the skill consistent
What are the disadvantage of whole practice?
- put unnecessary demands on the performer (beginner)
- Fatigue
- information overload
What is the definition of whole-part-whole practice?
Assessing the skill, identifying a weakness to practice, then putting the skill back together
When is whole-part-whole practice used?
- Beginner doing a complex task
- focus on weaknesses
What are the advantages of whole-part-whole practice?
- provide motivation when success is achieved
- provides immediate feedback
- Fluency and integration of sub-routine maintained
- kinesthesis feel maintained
What are the disadvantages of whole-part-whole practice?
- produce negative transfers
- Must be linked back to whole skill as soon as possible
- long process
What is the definition of progressive part practice?
Practising the first part of the skill then adding parts gradually. sometimes called chaining
What is the definition of chaining?
Linking the sub-routines, or parts of a task, together in order when practising
When is progressive part practice used?
- Serial skills
- Dangerous skills
- low-organised skill
- complex skill
What are the advantages of progressive part practice?
- focus on one aspect of the task - correct weakness
- rest, fatigue reduced
- success achieved = increased motivation levels
- builds initial understanding, improved confidence
- focus on specific issues
What are the disadvantages of progressive part practice?
- time-consuming
- neglect kinesthesis feel/ ignore links between sub-routines
- negative transfer between parts of the sequence
What is the definition of massed practice?
No rest intervals during the practice session
What is the definition of distributed practice?
Rest intervals are given during the practice session
What is the definition of varied practice?
Changing the practice type and the practice drills
What is the definition of mental practice?
Going over the skill in the mind without movement
what are the advantages of massed practice?
- forms motor programmes
- increases fitness
- enhances over learning
- good for habitual responses
- efficient
What are the disadvantages of massed practice?
- no time for feedback
- fatigue
- Too demanding
What are the advantages of distributed practice?
- allows recovery
- less mental practice
- allows mental rehearsal/feedback
- reduces danger
What are the negatives of distributed practice?
- time consuming
- Negative transfer
What are the advantages of varied practice?
- Builds schema
- gives motivation
- allows adaption
What are the disadvantage of varied practice?
- time consuming
- possibility of negative transfer
- fatigue
- too demanding
What are the advantages of mental practice?
- improves reaction time
- builds motor programmes
- builds confidence
- controls anxiety
