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CGP Chemistry > Section 6 - Organic Chemistry P1 > Flashcards

Section 6 - Organic Chemistry P1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different ways you can represent organic compounds?

A
  • general formula
  • empirical formula
  • molecular formula
  • displayed formula
  • structural formula
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2
Q

What does a general formula show you?

A

an algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds

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3
Q

What does an empirical formula show you?

A

the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound (numbers cancelled down if possible)

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4
Q

What does a molecular formula show you?

A

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

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5
Q

What does a displayed formula show you?

A

Shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them

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6
Q

What does a structural formula show you?

A

Shows the arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon, with the attached hydrogens and functional groups
(ethene - CH₂CH₂)

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7
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A homologous series is a group of compounds that can be represented by the same general formula
-molecules in the same homologous series contain the same functional group

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8
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₂

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9
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A functional group is a group of atoms that determine how a compound typically reacts
-means compounds in a homologous series often react in similar ways

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10
Q

What is the functional group for alkenes?

A

a carbon carbon double bond

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11
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

Chemistry involving molecules that contain carbon

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12
Q

What is nomenclature?

A

Naming organic compounds

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13
Q

What is the IUPAC system?

A

It is the system fornaming organic compounds, it was invented as an international language for chemistry

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14
Q

What determines the stem of the name of a carbon compound?

A

The number of carbons in a chain

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15
Q

What stem do you get for 1 carbon?

A

meth-

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16
Q

What stem do you get for 2 carbon?

A

eth-

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17
Q

What stem do you get for 3 carbon?

A

prop-

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18
Q

What stem do you get for 4 carbon?

A

but-

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19
Q

What stem do you get for 5 carbon?

A

pent-

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20
Q

What stem do you get for 6 carbon?

A

hex-

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21
Q

What tells you the prefix or suffix of the name of a carbon compound?

A

The main functional group of the molecule usually tells you what homologous series the molecule is in

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22
Q

What is the prefix/suffix of alkanes?

A

-ane

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23
Q

What is the prefix/suffix of alkenes?

A

-ene

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24
Q

How do you name compounds when there are more than one identical functional group?

A 
1- (1)
di- (2)
tri- (3)
tetra- (4)
BEFORE THE SUFFIX
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25
Q

What are isomers?

A

Two molecules are isomers of each other if they have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently
-have different structural formula

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26
Q

What can make compounds isomers of each other?

A
  • the carbons could be arranged differently

- the functional group could be attached to a different carbon atom

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27
Q

What comparisons are there of the properties of isomers?

A

Isomers have similar chemical properties

Isomers have different physical properties (because of the change in shape of the molecule)

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28
Q

What is crude oil?

A

Crude oil is a mixture of substances, most of which are hydrocarbons

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29
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbons are molecules only made up of carbon and hydrogen

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30
Q

How are the different compounds in crude oil separated?

A

They are separated by fractional distillation

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31
Q

Describe the process of fractional distillation to separate out compounds in crude oil:

A
  • the oil is heated (until most is turned into gas), and enters a fractionating column
  • in the column there’s a temperature gradient (causing substances to be removed at different layers)
  • end up with the crude oil mixture separated into different fractions
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32
Q

What is the first thing to be extracted from a fractionating column?

A

Bitumen (it is drained off as a liquid at the bottom)

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33
Q

What is the temperature gradient in a fractionating column?

A

-it is hottest at the bottom and gradually gets colder as you go up

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34
Q

How does the temperature gradient of the fractionating column separate different substances in crude oil?

A

When the substances that make up the crude oil reach a part of the column where the temperature is lower than their boiling point they condense and are drained out at the layer which they are liquid

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35
Q

Which hydrocarbons are drained out of a fractionating column first?

A

Longer hydrocarbons have high boiling points
-they condense and drain out early (near the bottom)

Shorter hydrocarbons have lower boiling points
-they condense later and drain out near the top (where the column is cooler)

36
Q

What do bubble caps do in the fractionating column?

A

They stop the separated liquids from running back down the column and remixing

37
Q

What does each fraction separated out in a fractionating column share?

A

Each fraction contains a mixture of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points
-containing saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons

38
Q

What are saturated hydrocarbons?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons only contain single bonds between carbon atoms

39
Q

What are unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons have double or triple bonds between carbon atoms

40
Q

What are the different fractions that come out of the fractionating column (from the top down)? And what are the approximate number of carbons in the fraction?

A 
Refinery Gases (3 carbons)
Gasoline(petrol) (8 carbons)
Kerosene (15 carbons)
Diesel (20 carbons)
Fuel oil (40 carbons)
Bitumen (70+ carbons)
41
Q

What are the uses of refinery gases?

A

Refinery gases are used in domestic heating and cooking

42
Q

What are the uses of gasoline?

A

Gasoline is used as fuel in cars

43
Q

What are the uses of kerosene?

A

Kerosene is used as a fuel in aircrafts

44
Q

What are the uses of diesel?

A

Diesel is used as fuel in some cars and larger vehicles (e.g. trains)

45
Q

what are the uses of fuel oil?

A

Fuel oil is used as a fuel for larger ships and also in some power stations

46
Q

What are the uses of bitumen?

A

Bitumen is used to surface roads and roofs

47
Q

What is cracking?

A

Cracking is splitting up long-chains of hydrocarbons

  • a form of thermal decomposition
  • produces alkenes which are also used to make polymers
48
Q

What are the features of long hydrocarbons?

A
  • high boiling points
  • viscous
  • lower demand
49
Q

What are the features of shorter hydrocarbons?

A
  • lower boiling points
  • thinner and paler in colour
  • higher demand
50
Q

How is the demand for shorter chain hydrocarbons met?

A

By cracking to split up longer chain hydrocarbons into more useful shorter chain hydrocarbons

51
Q

What is thermal decomposition?

A

Breaking down molecules into simpler molecules by heating them

52
Q

What are the conditions required for cracking?

A
  • vaporised hydrocarbons are passed over a powdered catalyst (Silica - SiO₂, Alumina AlO₃) - the alkane breaks down when it comes into contact with the catalyst, producing short-chain alkanes and alkenes
  • 600°C - 700°C
53
Q

What happens when you burn a fuel?

A

It releases energy in the form of heat

54
Q

What is a combustion reaction?

A

Burning

When the substance being burned reacts with oxygen

55
Q

What molecules make great fuels?

A

Hydrocarbons make great fuels

-their combustion reactions gives out lots of energy (very exothermic reaction)

56
Q

What is complete combustion?

A

When you burn hydrocarbons in plenty of oxygen, the only products are carbon dioxide and water

57
Q

What are the products of complete combustion?

A

carbon dioxide

water

58
Q

What is incomplete combustion?

A

When you burn hydrocarbons in restricted oxygen, the products are carbon dioxide, water, carbon monoxide (a toxic gas) and carbon (in the form of soot)

59
Q

What are the products of incomplete combustion?

A

carbon dioxide
water
carbon monoxide (a toxic gas)
carbon (in the form of soot)

60
Q

What are the dangers of carbon monoxide?

A
  • CO can combine with haemoglobin in red blood cells and stop oxygen from binding to it so oxygen can’t be carried round your body
  • a lack of oxygen supply to the brain can lead to fainting, coma or death
61
Q

What greenhouse gases can be produced from burning crude oils?

A
  • carbon dioxide

- sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides (can be produced)

62
Q

Where does sulphur dioxide come from when burning crude oils?

A

Sulphur impurities in the hydrocarbon fuels

63
Q

Where do nitrogen oxides come from when burning crude oils?

A
  • when the temperature is high enough nitrogen and oxygen in the air react (often happens in car engines)
  • nitrogen oxides include: nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
64
Q

What are the environmental dangers of nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxides?

A
  • they mix with water vapour in the clouds and form dilute sulphuric acid and nitric acid (acid rain)
  • acid rain causes lakes to become acidic and many plants and animals die as a result
65
Q

What are alkanes?

A
  • saturated hydrocarbons
  • chains of carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen atoms
  • different alkanes have different chain lengths
66
Q

What is molecular formula and structural formula of butane?

A

molecular formula: C₄H₁₀

Structural formula: CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₃

67
Q

What reactions do alkanes take part in?

A
  • combustion reactions(tend to combust completely with a good supply of oxygen)
  • halogens react with alkanes to make haloalkanes
68
Q

Describe the reactions of halogens react with alkanes to make haloalkanes:

A
  • chlorine and bromine react with alkanes in the presence of UV light
  • in these reactions a hydrogen atom from the alkane is substituted with chlorine or bromine (substitution reaction)
69
Q

What are the features of alkenes?

A
  • Hydrocarbons which have a double bond between two of the carbons in their chain
  • unsaturated molecules (can make more bonds, the double bond can open up)
70
Q

What are the first three alkenes?

A

ethene (2 carbons)
propene (3 carbons)
butene (4 carbons)

71
Q

What is the general formula of alkenes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ (have twice the number of hydrogens as carbons)

72
Q

What do halogens react with alkenes to form?

A

haloalkenes

73
Q

What is an example of a haloalkenes?

A

bromine and ethene reacting together to form dibromoethane [two bromines hence di-] (the carbon-carbon double bond open up and the diatomic halogen attaches to a carbon each)

74
Q

What are addition reactions?

A

When two reactants form one product (they combine together)

75
Q

Describe a test for carbon-carbon double bonds:

A
  • reaction between bromine and alkenes
  • when you shake an alkene with orange bromine water the solution becomes colourless (dibromoalkane is colourless)
  • alkanes don’t react with bromine water as they don’t have a double bond (so if you add an alkane to bromine water it will remain orange)
76
Q

What are polymers?

A

They are substances of high average relative atomic mass made by joining up lots of small repeating units called monomers

77
Q

What do monomers which make up addition polymers have?

A

monomers that make up addition polymers have a double covalent bond

78
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

When lots of unsaturated monomer molecules (alkenes) can open up their carbon-carbon doubles bonds and join together to form polymer chains

79
Q

How do you determine the name of a polymer?

A
  • It comes from the type of monomer it is made from
  • you put brackets round the name of the monomer and then put the word ‘poly’ in front of it
  • e.g. propene becomes poly(propene)
80
Q

How do you determine the formula of a polymer?

A

-You put the formula of the monomer in brackets and put a subscript n after it

81
Q

How do you draw the repeating unit of a polymer when given the displayed formula of its monomer?

A
  • join the carbons together in a row with no double bond between them, stick a pair of brackets around the repeating bit and put a subscript n after (to show there are lots of monomers)
  • you should also draw bonds that pass through the brackets, to show the chain continues
82
Q

How do you draw the displayed formula of a monomer from the displayed formula of the polymer?

A
  • draw the repeating bit of the polymer

- get rid of the two bonds going out through the brackets and put a double bond between the carbons

83
Q

Why are polymers often hard to get rid of?

A
  • most addition polymers are inert (because their carbon-carbon bonds in the polymer chain are very strong and aren’t easily broken)
  • they take a really long time to biodegrade (still be there years later)
84
Q

What does biodegrade mean?

A

Be broken down by bacteria and other organisms

85
Q

What is the issue with burning plastics?

A

-can release toxic gases

86
Q

What is the best way to deal with disposing of polymers?

A
  • best thing is to reuse them as many times as possible

- and recycle them is you can

CGP Chemistry (14 decks)

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