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CGP Chemistry > Section 1- Particles and Mixtures P1 > Flashcards

Section 1- Particles and Mixtures P1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three states of matter?

A

Solid, liquid, gas

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2
Q

What process causes solids to turn into a liquid?

A

melting

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3
Q

What process causes a liquid to change into a solid?

A

Freezing

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4
Q

What process causes a liquid to change into a gas?

A

Evaporating

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5
Q

What process changes a gas into a liquid?

A

Condensing

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6
Q

What process changes a solid into a gas?

A

Subliming

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7
Q

What three factors affect the forces of attraction between the particles of a material and thus affect the sate of matter of a material?

A

the material
the temperature
the pressure

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8
Q

What are the properties of solids?

A
  • strong forces of attraction between particles
  • particles are close together in fixed positions to form a lattice arrangement
  • keep a definite shape and volume
  • particles vibrate about their position (solids expand when heated because of the vibrations)
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9
Q

What are the properties of liquids?

A
  • weak forces of attraction between particles
  • randomly arranged particles, free to move past each other
  • have a definite volume but not a definite shape
  • particles are constantly moving in random directions
  • liquids expand when heated
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10
Q

What are the properties of gases?

A
  • very weak forces of attraction between particles
  • particles are free to move and far apart and travel in straight lines
  • don’t have a definite shape or volume
  • constantly in random motion
  • gases expand when heated or when the pressure increases
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11
Q

What’s diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a liquid or gas.

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12
Q

What are examples of diffusion?

A
  • potassium manganate(VII) and water
  • ammonia and hydrogen chloride
  • bromine gas and air
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13
Q

How is potassium manganate(VII) and water an example of diffusion?

A

Potassium manganate is bright purple so it’s great for visualising diffusion.

  • the random motion of the particles cause it to evenly spread out
  • if you add more water it becomes more diluted
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14
Q

How is ammonia and hydrogen chloride an example of diffusion?

A

A white ring of ammonium chloride will form closer to the hydrochloric acid end of the tube.
-it forms closer to the hydrochloric acid end because the ammonia particles are lighter and smaller

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15
Q

How is bromine gas and air an example of diffusion?

A
  • bromine is a brown strong smelling gas
  • fill a glass jar full of bromine gas and another with air separate them with a glass plate
  • when you remove the glass plate the bromine gas will slowly diffuse through the air
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16
Q

What is a solution?

A

A solution is a mixture of a solvent and a solute

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17
Q

Define dissolving:

A

When you add a solid(solute) and a liquid(solvent) the bonds holding the solute molecules together sometimes break and then the molecules mix with the solvent forming a solution

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18
Q

Define solution:

A

a mixture of a solute and a solvent that doesn’t separate out

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19
Q

Define solute:

A

the substance being dissolved

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20
Q

Define solvent:

A

the liquid it is being dissolved into

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21
Q

Define saturated solution:

A

a solution where the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved, so no more solute will dissolve in the solution

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22
Q

What are the 3 sub-atomic particles which make up an atom?

A

Protons
Neutrons
Electrons

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23
Q

What do the numbers above and below the letters on the periodic table mean?

A

Top number-mass number

Bottom number-proton/atomic number

24
Q

What is the energy levels/ energy shells?

A

The (line) around the nucleus which the electrons orbit on.

25
Q

What is the relative mass and charge of a proton?

A

Relative mass:1

Charge:+1

26
Q

What is the relative mass and charge of a neutron?

A

Relative mass:1

Charge:0

27
Q

What is the relative mass and charge of a electron?

A

Relative mass:1/2000

Charge:-1

28
Q

No. of protons in an atom =

A

No. of electrons (so atoms have no overall charge)

29
Q

Describe a diagram of an atom:

A

In the centre there are the protons and neutrons in the nucleus(which can represented as a circle round the protons and neutrons) and the big circles around represent the energy shells/energy levels and the electrons are on the energy shells/energy levels

30
Q

What are some key features of the nucleus of an atom?

A
  • in the middle of an atom
  • contains protons and neutrons
  • has a positive charge because of the protons
  • almost the whole mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus
31
Q

What are some key features of the electrons of an atom?

A
  • move around the nucleus in energy levels called shells
  • they are negatively charged
  • they are tiny, but their orbitals cover a lot of space
  • the size of their orbitals determines the atom
32
Q

How do you work out the mass number?

A

Mass number=No. of protons+No. of neutrons

No. of neutrons=Mass number-Proton number

33
Q

Define Molecule:

A

A molecule is a particle that contains more than one atom, chemically bonded together. There can be molecules of compounds or elements.

34
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

35
Q

What does the proton number define?

A

It defines the element.

36
Q

What does the mass number define?

A

The mass number defines the isotope.

37
Q

How do you name isotopes?

A

They are called the element-the mass number.

38
Q

For an isotope what properties stay the same and what properties change?

A

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES - The electrons determine the chemical properties of an element - STAY THE SAME

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES - Physical properties such as melting point, boiling point and density - CHANGE

39
Q

What is the relative atomic mass?

A

RAM is the average mass of the element.

40
Q

How do you work out the relative atomic mass?

A

RAM=(mass of A1 x % of A1) + (mass of A2 x % of A2) + (…) +

And then all of it over 100

41
Q

Define element:

A

A substance which consists of only one type of atom

42
Q

Define compound:

A

A compound is a substance that is made of two or more different elements which are chemically bonded together.

43
Q

Define mixture:

A

A mixture is a substance that contains more than one type of atoms but there are no chemical bonds between the different parts of a mixture.

44
Q

What is filtration?

A

Using filter paper to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid.
-it can be used in purification as well

45
Q

What is crystallisation?

A

Crystallisation is used to separate a soluble solid from a solution

46
Q

How do you crystallise a product?

A
  • pour the solution into an evaporating basin
  • slowly heat the solution and stop heating when crystals start to form
  • leave the dish in a warm place for the rest of the solute to evaporate
  • finally you’ve got the dry product, you can use a drying agent or a desiccator
47
Q

What processes do you use to separate rock salt?

A

rock salt is a mixture of salt and sand

  • grinding-grind up the rock salt with a pestle and mortar
  • dissolving-dissolve in beaker and stir
  • filtering-filter through filter paper in a funnel(removing the sand)
  • crystallisation-evaporate in an evaporating dish(forming crystal salt)
48
Q

How do you do paper chromatography?

How do you make a chromatogram

A
  • draw a lesson near the bottom of a sheet of filter paper
  • add dots of different dyes to the line at regular intervals
  • put the sheet in a beaker of water
  • make sure the dyes aren’t touching the solvent so they aren’t dissolved
  • place a lid on the beaker to stop the solvent from evaporating
  • the solvent seeps up the paper, carrying the dyes with it
  • each dye will move up at different rates
  • the end result is a pattern of spots called a chromatogram
49
Q

How does chromatography separate mixtures?

A
  • chromatography works because different dyes will move up the papers at different rates
  • some will stick to the paper whereas others will dissolve more readily in the solvent and travel more quickly
  • the distance the dyes travel depends on the solvent and paper you use
50
Q

How can chromatography identify different dyes?

A
  • you can work out the different dyes that are present in a substance by chromatography
  • make a chromatogram for your unknown substance and reference materials(dyes that you think might be in that ink)
  • then compare the chromatograms to work out what dyes are in the substance
51
Q

From a chromatogram, how do you calculate the R🇫 value?

A

R🇫 value is the ratio between the distance travelled by the solute and the solvent
R🇫 = distance travelled by solute ÷ distance of solvent

52
Q

What’s the use of simple distillation?

A

Used to separate out solutions

-separate a liquid from a solution

53
Q

What’s the process of simple distillation?

A
  • the solution is heated, the part of the solution with the lowest boiling point evaporates
  • the vapour is then condensed and collected
  • the rest of the solution is left behind in the flask
54
Q

What can you use simple distillation for?

A

Can use it to get pure water from seawater

  • the water evaporates and is condensed and collected
  • you’ll eventually just be left with the salt and water separated
55
Q

What’s a disadvantage of simple distillation?

A
  • you can only use it separate things with very different boiling points
  • you can separate out from a mixture with very similar boiling points
56
Q

What’s fractional distillation used for?

A

Fractional distillation is used to separate a mixture of liquids

57
Q

What’s the process of fractional distillation?

Using the example of the fractional distillation of crude oil at a refinery:

A
  • put your mixture in a flask sticking a fractional column on top then heat it
  • different liquids have different boiling points so they will evaporate at different times
  • the liquid with the lowest boiling point evaporates first, and be the first to reach the top of the column
  • liquids with higher boiling points might also start to evaporate but the column is cooler towards the top so they’ll condense and fall back down
  • when the first liquid has been collected, you raise the temperature until the next one reaches the top

CGP Chemistry (14 decks)

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