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Chemistry > Section 6 - Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Section 6 - Organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Define a homologous series

A

A group of compounds that can be represented by the same general formula

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2
Q

What do compounds in a homologous series share?

A

The same general formula
Similar chemical properties

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3
Q

What is the functional group of alkenes?

A

C=C

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4
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

R-O-H

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5
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

O=C-O-H

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6
Q

What is the functional group of esters?

A

O=C-O

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7
Q

What is an isomer?

A

When 2 molecules have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula

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8
Q

What are the properties of isomers?

A

They have similar chemical properties but different physical properites

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9
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of substances most of which being hydrocarbons

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10
Q

Define a hydrocarbon

A

Molecules that are only made up of carbon and hydrogeon

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11
Q

How is crude oil seperated?

A

Fractional distillation

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12
Q

What happens to crude oil in fractional distillation?

A

.The oil is placed into a fractionating column
.The oil is heated to a high temperature and until most of the oil is a gas
.Bitumen is drained off at the bottom
.There is a temperature gradient in the column and it gets cooler at the top
.The longer hydrocarbon chains have high boiling points meaning they condense near the bottom
.The shorter hydrocarbon chains have lower boiling points meaning they condense higher up the chamber

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13
Q

What is the use of bitumen?

A

To surface roads and roofs

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14
Q

What is the first substance to leave the fractionating column when crude oil is heated?

A

Bitumen

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15
Q

What is the second substance to leave the fractionating column when crude oil is heated?

A

Fuel oil

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16
Q

What is the Third substance to leave the fractionating column when crude oil is heated?

A

Diesel

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17
Q

What is the fourth substance to leave the fractionating column when crude oil is heated?

A

Kerosense

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18
Q

What is the fifth substance to leave the fractionating column when crude oil is heated?

A

Petrol for cars

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19
Q

What is the sixth substance to leave the fractionating column when crude oil is heated?

A

Refinery gases

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20
Q

What is the use of fuel oil?

A

Fuel for large ships

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21
Q

What is the use of diesel?

A

Fuel for larger vehicles like trains

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22
Q

What is the use of kerosense?

A

Fuel for planes

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23
Q

What is the use of petrol?

A

Fuel for cars

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24
Q

What is the use of refinery gases?

A

Fuel for cooking and heating

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25
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon that consists of only single bonds

26
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon that also has double or triple bonds

27
Q

What are the properties of short chained hydrocarbons?

A

.Low boiling point
.Very volatile
.Flows easily
.Ignites easily

28
Q

What are the properties of long chained hydrocarbons?

A

.High boiling point
.Non volatile
.Doesn’t flow easily
.Doesn’t ignite easily

29
Q

Define the term viscous

A

Thick and gloopy

30
Q

What is cracking?

A

Splitting up long hydrocarbons into short chains

31
Q

Why is cracking useful?

A

.There is a high demand for short chain hydrocarbons like octane
.This demand is much higher than the demand for long chain hydrocarbons
.So cracking is used to meet the high demand

32
Q

What are the conditions used for cracking?

A

.600-700 degrees celcius
.Silica or alumina used a catalyst

33
Q

What is combustion?

A

When you burn oxygen with a fuel

34
Q

What are the products of incomplete combustion?

A

Carbon monoxide
Water
Soot

35
Q

Complete the equation for complete combustion

Hydrocarbon + oxygen –> _____ + ____

A

Carbon dioxide
Water

36
Q

What are the products of complete combustion?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

37
Q

What is the issue with incomplete combustion?

A

Carbon monoxide is poisonous

It combines with red blood cells and stops blood from carrying oxygen to the body

This can lead to a coma, fainting or death

38
Q

What is the issue with burning hydrocarbons?

A

.When fractions of crude oil are burned sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released
.Nitrogen oxides are created when there is a high temperature for the nitrogen in the air to react
.When sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides mix with water vapour they form dilute sulfuric acid and nitric acid
.This causes the rain to be slightly acidic and may cause plants and animals to die

39
Q

Alkanes are ____ hydrocarbons

40
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

Cn H(2n+2)

41
Q

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated?

A

Unsaturated

42
Q

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated?

43
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

44
Q

What do halogens produce when the react with an alkane?

A

.Under the presence of UV light
.Halogens produce haloalkanes
.For example when methane reacts with bromine it produces bromomethane and hydrogen bromide
.It is a substitution reaction

45
Q

What is the product when a halogen reacts with an alkene?

A

.Halogenoalkanes
.For example bromine and ethene react to make dibromoethane

46
Q

What happens when you mix an alkene with bromine water?

A

.The solution goes from orange to colourless

47
Q

What happens when you mix bromine water with an alkane?

A

The solution remains orange

48
Q

Why do alkenes change the colour of bromine water but alkanes don’t?

A

As they have double bonds

49
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

50
Q

Are carboxylic acids saturated or unsaturated?

A

Unsaturated

51
Q

What is the functional group of esters?

52
Q

How are esters formed?

A

When an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid

53
Q

What does volatile mean?

A

The ability to turn into a gas easily

54
Q

What are the uses of esters?

A

Perfumes as they smell nice
And food flavorings

55
Q

What are addition polymers made from?

A

Unsaturated monomers

56
Q

Why are addition polymers hard to get rid of?

A

.They are inert as the carbon bonds are hard to break
.They are non biodegradable
.Burning them releases toxic gases

57
Q

How do you make esters in the lab?

A
  • First add a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid using the dropping pipette
  • Add 10 drops of ethanioc acid
  • add a equal volume of ethanol
  • Place a boiling tube in a beaker of water and place on a tripod
  • Heat using a bunsen burner until the water begins to boil
  • Turn off the bunsen burner
    -After 1 minute remove the tube and allow to cool
    -Once it’s cool, pour the mixture into a test tube of sodium carbonate solution and mix.
  • A layer of ester should form on the top of the solution
58
Q

What type of polymerisation produces polyesters?

A

Condensation polymers

59
Q

When do polyesters form?

A

When dicarboxylic acid monomers and diol monomer react together

60
Q

Are polyester biodegradable

A

Yes
- Can be broken down by bacteria and other living organisms in the enviroment over time.
- This means they decompose, reducing the polymers pollutant effect

61
Q

What happens when a certain ester link is formed?

A

A molecule of water is lost.
Carboxylic acid loses -OH
Alcohol loses -H

Chemistry (11 decks)

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