Organic chemistry(UNFINISHED) Flashcards
What is the general formula for alkenes?
CnH2n
What is the general formula for alkanes?
CnH(2n+2)
What is the general formula for alcohols?
CnH(2n+2) OH
What is the functional group for alkenes?
R-C=C-R (R = chain of carbons)
l l
H H
What is the functional group for alcohols?
R-O-H (R = chain of carbons)
What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?
O (R = chain of carbons)
ll
R-C-OH
What is the functional group of esters?
(R = chain of carbons) O
ll
R-C-O-R
What is a homologous series?
A group of compounds that can be represented by the same general formula
What are the prefixes (Stems) for naming organic compounds?
My Empty Piggy Bank
E T R U
T H O T
H P
What is an isomer?
Two molecules that have the same molecular formular but different displayed and structural formula
What are the similarities and differences with isomers?
They have the similar chemical properties however different physical properties like boiling points due to a change in the shape of the molecule
What is crude oil?
A mixture of substances, most of which are hydrocarbons
How are the different compounds in crude oil seperated?
Fractional distillation
How does fractional distillation work with crude oil?
.The oil is heated until most of it has turned into a gas
The gases enter the column and bitumen is drained at the bottom due to its high boiling point
.There is a temperature gradient in the tower (E.G. very hot at the bottom and cooler at the top)
.The longer hydrocarbons have a higher boiling point meaning they’re drained at the bottom
.The shorter chains have a lower boiling point which means they condense much higher in the tower
Which hydrocarbon is released at the bottom of the fractionating column?
Bitumen
What is bitumen used for?
Surfacing roads and roofs
What comes out of the fractionating column second?
Fuel oil which is used for boats
What comes out of the fractionating column third?
Kerosene which is fuel for aircrafts
What comes out of the fractionating column fourth?
Fuel for cars
What comes out of the fractionating column last?
Refinery gases for cooking
What are the properties of the hydrocarbons which have smaller chains? (Condense at the top of the fractionating column)
Low boiling point
Flows easily
ignites easily
Very volatile
What are the properties of the hydrocarbons with longer chains ?(Condense near the bottom of the tower)
High boiling point
Not volatile
Doesn’t flow easily
Doesn’t ignite easily
What is the definition of volatility?
Ability to vaporize (Turn into a gas)
What is a saturated molecule?
A molecule that consists of only single bonds
What is an unsaturated molecule?
A molecule that contains double bonds
What is cracking?
Breaking long hydrocarbon chains into shorter chain hydrocarbons. the shorter chain alkanes are better fuels and the alkenes produced are used as polymers
Why is cracking useful?
As the long chained hydrocarbons are in huge supply and little demand, it is useful to break them down as the shorter chained hydrocarbons are in little supply yet huge demand
What are the conditions for cracking?
Vaporized hydrocarbons are passed over a powdered catalyst at about 600-7000 degrees Celsius
Silica (SiO2) and Alumina (Al2O3) are used as catalysts
What is combustion?
When you react oxygen with a fuel
Do alkenes decolorize in bromine water?
Yes
Do alkanes decolorize in bromine water?
No
Why are hydrocarbons great fuels?
Because the combustion reactions that happen when you burn a hydrocarbon give out lots of energy which is exothermic
What is the general word equation for complete combustion?
Hydrocarbon + Oxygen –> Carbon dioxide + water
What is the general equation for incomplete combustion
Hydrocarbon + Oxygen –> Carbon monoxide + water
Why does incomplete combustion happen?
When there isn’t enough oxygen
Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated molecules?
Unsaturated
Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated molecules?
Saturated
