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BIO140 > Section 6 > Flashcards

Section 6 Flashcards

1
Q

leading cause of death in the US

A

cardiovascular disease

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2
Q

pancreas exocrine cell

A

acini cells

secrete pancreatic juice for digestion

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3
Q

pancreas endocrine cells

A
  • alpha cells(20%) produce glucagon
    stimulus: low blood sugar
    action: stimulates liver to breakdown glycogen and release glucose into the blood
  • beta cells(75%) produce insulin
    stimulus: high blood sugar
    action: allows glucose to get into cells, glycogen production in the liver
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4
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

A

Cause: autoimmune
Pathology: destruction of beta cells
Result: No or little insulin is produced

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5
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

A

Formerly known as adult onset
Pathology: insulin resistance
Result: need more insulin release

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6
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Gestational Diabetes

A

Insulin resistance during pregnancy
A form of type 2
Goes away after delivery (most of the time)
2-10% of US pregnancies

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7
Q

Type 1 diabetes consequences

A

Ketone bodies: formed by the liver in times of starvation; used in the brain, heart, and liver
– Consequence: lower pH (they are acidic) metabolic acidosis
Dehydration
– Glucose reabsorption in the kidneys is at capacity – Glucose is lost in urine brings water with it
– Excess urine (polyuria) and excess thirst (polydipsia)
Diabetic coma:
– Loss of consciousness due to
• Hyperventilation: due to acidosis (death in 24-48 hours)
• Very low blood sugar: due to too much insulin (death in 1-2 hours)
• Severe dehydration: due to hyperglycemia

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8
Q

Type1 Diabetes treatment

A

insulin injections
diet regulation
exercise

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9
Q

Type 2 diabetes risk factors

A

genetics 15%-60%
physical inactivity
obesity

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10
Q

Type 2 Diabetes disease progression

A

Cellular response to insulin becomes impaired
– Takes more insulin to get the same amount of glucose out of the blood progressively more and more
– Onset of elevated blood glucose
– Pancreatic beta cells become damaged (worn out)
– Lower insulin production and release

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11
Q

Type 2 diabetes diagnosis

A

Fasting glucose>126mg/dl or HbA1C>6.5%
Pre-diabetes glucose > 100 or HbA1C 6-6.5%
Insulin resistance was present long before

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12
Q

Type 2 Diabetes consequences

A

cardiovascular disease
kidney failure
vision problem

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13
Q

type 2 diabetes treatment

A 
diet modification
exercise
weight loss
insulin sensitizing drugs(metformin)
insulin injections(later stage)
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14
Q

3 main factors responsible for controlling blood glucose levels

A

impaired insulin secretion
decreased glucose uptake
increase HGP

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15
Q

cardiovascular disease pathology

A

atherosclerosis: hardening of arteries, plaque build up causing narrowing, clot formation

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16
Q

first sign of cardiovascular disease

A

endothelial disfunction

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17
Q

cardiovascular disease risk factors

A 
genetics
obesity(especially abdominal)
high saturated fat diet
physical inactivity
diabetes
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18
Q

endothelial cells do what?

A

line arteries

respond to shear stress and release nitric oxide(NO) into smooth muscle to cause vasodilation

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19
Q

what produces nitric oxide(NO)

A

eNOS(endothelium derived nitric oxide synthase)

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20
Q

what does nitric oxide(NO) do

A

Blocks macrophages from entering endothelium

Inhibits platelet aggregation on vessel walls

21
Q

endothelial dysfunction results from

A

eNOS producing free radicals or reactive oxygen species instead of functional nitric oxide(NO)

22
Q

progression of artherosclerosis

A
  1. Endothelial dysfunction (low NO release):
    – Low NO monocytes start to migrate into vessel wall
    2.Immune Activation and Cell Aggregation:
    – Macrophages engulf oxidized LDL become foam cells
    – T-Cells become activated by macrophages inflammation
    – Platelets aggregate on endothelial cells
    – Smooth muscle cells migrate to intima layer
  2. Plaque formation:
    – Platelets in lumen build up, smooth muscle cells build up form fibrous cap
    – Foam cells die create necrotic core
  3. Angiogenesis and plaque rupture
    – Plaque builds up it’s own blood supply
    – Macrophages release chemicals that weaken plaque
    – Plaque ruptures coagulation process blocks blood flow locally or clot dislodges and blocks blood flow where ever it stops
  4. Blocked blood flow causes heart attack or stroke
23
Q

connections between type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease

A
  1. High blood glucose leads to glycation (glucose binds to it) of eNOS which leads to more free radical production and endothelial dysfunction
  2. Insulin signaling in cells normally leads to eNOS activation and formation of NO
    • Insulin resistance blocks this mechanism leading to lower NO levels and endothelial dysfunction
24
Q

gregor mendel

A

Austrian monk from the mid 1800’s

25
Q

principle of segregation

A

During fertilization each parent passes on 1 of their alleles for each trait
ex. punnet square

26
Q

principle of independent assortment

A

Each allele is sorted independently of all other alleles

ex. eye color and vision

27
Q

gamete

A

sex cells that carry traits (sperm and eggs)

28
Q

gene

A

region of a chromosome that determines a particular characteristic or trait

29
Q

allele

A

any one of alternative forms of a specified gene (trait)

30
Q

dominant

A

an allele that only needs 1 to show its effect

– Denoted by a capital letter

31
Q

recessive

A

an allele that needs 2 to show its effect

– Denoted by a lowercase letter

32
Q

genotype

A

genetic make up of an individual-which alleles

are present

33
Q

phenotype

A

appearance of an individual-how genes are expressed

34
Q

homozygous

A

identical alleles for a certain trait

– Can be dominant or recessive

35
Q

heterozygous

A

different alleles for a certain trait

36
Q

codominance

A

Two different alleles show their effect even if only one copy is present
ex. blood type

37
Q

incomplete dominance

A

Heterozygous organisms show a phenotype intermediate between the two alleles
ex. sickle cell anemia

38
Q

multiple alleles

A

More than 2 alternative alleles

ex. blood type

39
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

Most traits depend on simultaneous inheritance and expression of more than 1 gene.
ex. height, hair color, skin color

40
Q

dominant-recessive inheritance

A

dominant: only 1 allele needed to express trait
recessive: 2 alleles are needed to express trait

41
Q

differences between mitosis and meiosis

A 
mitosis
-somatic cells
-genetically identical
-same number of chromosomes parent vs. daughter
-end with 2 diploid cells
-purpose: cell growth and repair
meiosis
-sex cells
-not identical
-half number of chromosomes parent vs. daughter
-end with 4 haploid cells
-purpose: reproduction
42
Q

cell division

A 
interphase
-Centrioles replicate
-Preparation for mitosis
prophase
-cell division already duplicated
metaphase
-chromosomes line up at center of cell
anaphase
spindles pull chromatids apart
telophase
-nuclear membrane starts to form
43
Q

crossing over

A

Homologous chromosomes paired together

occurs in prophase I

44
Q

protein synthesis

A

DNA -> RNA -> Amino Acids -> proteins

– 3 DNA ->3 RNA -> 1 Amino Acid

45
Q

silent mutation

A

change in DNA structure -> different RNA -> still codes for the same AA -> protein is the same
ex. CGC -> CGA -> arginine

46
Q

missense mutation

A 
change in DNA structure -> different RNA -> different AA -> protein is different 
ex. sickle cell anemia
DNA: CTC -> CAC
RNA: GAG -> GUG
AA: Glutamine -> Valine
47
Q

nonsense mutation

A

change in DNA -> change in RNA -> stop codon

ex. blue eyes

48
Q

mutation causes

A

– Mistake during DNA replication that was not caught
– UV light
– Radiation
– Chemicals

49
Q

changes in chromosome number

A 
Down Syndrome(Trisomy 21)
-extra copy of chromosome 21
Turner's Syndrome
-loss of a sex chromosome
-XO female
Klinefelter’s syndrome
-XXY male

BIO140 (4 decks)

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