Section 4 Flashcards
Activated by APCs`
Which cells: Macrophages and dendritic cells
– Presents antigen and MHC II
• Law enforcement ID
cell mediated response
Carried out by T cells
humoral response
– Activated by T Cells
– Carried out by B cells
cell mediated immune response
• 1st phase of adaptive response
• Starts with APC presenting antigen to Helper T cell
– CD4 protein of T Cell binds to MHC II of APC
• Function: To make sure APC is an immune cell(also to amplify the response by the APC)
– T Cell receptor binds to antigen held by APC
• Function: Activate response
• Both cells release interleukins and other cytokines
– Function: To activate both cells, stimulate T cell proliferation and differentiation,
stimulate other T Cells
cytotoxic T cell action
• Activated by: APCs and Helper T Cells
• Actions:
– Migrate to site of infection
– Releases perforins creates pores in infected cell
– Releases granzymes go through pore and stimulate apotosis (cause cell suicide)
– Releases cytokines to cause more chemotaxis and bring more of the innate response to the area
Humoral response: activation of B cells
• B-cell binds to activated Helper T Cell (specific for same antigen)
• Helper T Cell releases interleukins to activate B Cell proliferate and start producing antibodies released into blood
– Plasma cells each produce: 2000 antibodies/second – Antibodies are active for 4-5 days
actions of antibodies
precipitation
Clumps soluble antigens together and makes them fall out of solution -> easier to phagocytose
actions of antibodies
lysis
– Antibodies bind to cell and make it easier for complement proteins to bind -> create pores -> lyse
• Also enhance phagocytosis
• Also activate cells to release more cytokines more activation and
chemotaxis
action of antibodies
agglutination
– 2 binding sites on all antibodies -> can bind to 2 antigens -> clump together -> immobilize
• Easier for phagocytosis and prevents spread of infection
action of antibodies
neutralization
– Antibodies surround specific sites on microbes -> they can’t bind to cells
• Also enhance phagocytosis
vaccinations
Introduce weak (live) or dead (inactivated) antigen – No chance of producing infection – Build up memory T and B cells
hypersensitivity type 1
Common allergies:
– Allergen enters body -> detected by Mast cells in
tissues (nose, throat, skin) -> release histamine -> vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction(bronchioles), mucous production
treatments: antihistamines
anaphylactic shock
– Allergen enters blood stream and simultaneously stimulates mast cells all over body -> same as above just all over body
– Can lead to dangerous drop in BP -> death
treatment: epinephrine
hypersensitivity type 4
Delayed hypersensitivities:
– Caused by T cells
– Take 1-3 days to appear
– Causes: poison oak, ivy, deodorants, metals (nickel in jewelry)
• diffuse through the skin and attach to MHC I complex and makes the body cells look foreign
– T Cells detect “invader” stimulate macrophages and cytotoxic T cells with cytokines destroy healthy tissue
– Treatment: cortisol based drugs (cortisone cream)
autoimmune disease
– Immune system attacks self cells
– Triggers:
• When foreign antigen is very similar to self antigen
• Body makes new self antigens that immune cell don’t recognize
– Examples: Type I diabetes, Rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis
leukemia
– Bone marrow produces many immature Lymphocytes – Not ready to fight infections
– Bone marrow: can’t produce enough RBCs or platelets • Tired, weak, can’t clot blood
acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS)
• HIV binds to CD4 protein on T Helper Cells
– Can inactivate and kill T Helper cells
– Also effects other immune cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, others)
• Leads to insufficient cellular and humoral immune response
functions of respiratory system
- Get air to alveoli
- Gas exchange with blood
- Speech
- Olfaction
Ciliated mucous membrane
• Line all airways • Contain unicellular glands that secrete mucus • Cilia on airway side • Functions: -Moisten air as it comes in and -Reduce water loss on exhale
nasopharynx
– Continuous with nasal cavity, superior to oral cavity
– Pharyngotympanic tube originates here
oropharynx
– Continuous with oral cavity
– Lined by tonsils
– Separated from nasopharynx by soft palate and uvula
• Function: prevents food from entering nasal cavity
laryngopharynx
– Naso- and oropharynx join to form this
larynx(voice box)
- Muscular tube, lined by mucous membrane, supported by cartilage
- Air only
glottis
opening to laryngopharynx, cartilage
epiglottis
covering glottis during swallowing
• Extrinsic muscles of larynx elevate larynx
• Made of elastic cartilage
vestibular folds
Prevent food from entering and prevent air from leaving when holding breath
vocal cords
– Bands of connective tissue stretching across upper opening of layrnx
– Vibrate when exhaling
– Pitch regulated by length and tension of cords
Trachea
• Muscular tube, lined by mucous membrane
• Supported by rings of hyaline cartilage
– Function: keep trachea from collapsing, due to negative pressure with inhaling
• Allows esophagus to smash it down some
bronchioles
– SNS activation: dilate -> more air
– PNS activation: constrict -> less air
