Section 4

Question 1

Activated by APCs`

Answer 1

Which cells: Macrophages and dendritic cells
– Presents antigen and MHC II
• Law enforcement ID

Question 2

cell mediated response

Answer 2

Carried out by T cells

Question 3

humoral response

Answer 3

– Activated by T Cells

– Carried out by B cells

Question 4

cell mediated immune response

Answer 4

• 1st phase of adaptive response
• Starts with APC presenting antigen to Helper T cell
– CD4 protein of T Cell binds to MHC II of APC
• Function: To make sure APC is an immune cell(also to amplify the response by the APC)
– T Cell receptor binds to antigen held by APC
• Function: Activate response
• Both cells release interleukins and other cytokines
– Function: To activate both cells, stimulate T cell proliferation and differentiation,
stimulate other T Cells

Question 5

cytotoxic T cell action

Answer 5

• Activated by: APCs and Helper T Cells
• Actions:
– Migrate to site of infection
– Releases perforins creates pores in infected cell
– Releases granzymes go through pore and stimulate apotosis (cause cell suicide)
– Releases cytokines to cause more chemotaxis and bring more of the innate response to the area

Question 6

Humoral response: activation of B cells

Answer 6

• B-cell binds to activated Helper T Cell (specific for same antigen)
• Helper T Cell releases interleukins to activate B Cell proliferate and start producing antibodies released into blood
– Plasma cells each produce: 2000 antibodies/second – Antibodies are active for 4-5 days

Question 7

actions of antibodies

precipitation

Answer 7

Clumps soluble antigens together and makes them fall out of solution -> easier to phagocytose

Question 8

actions of antibodies

lysis

Answer 8

– Antibodies bind to cell and make it easier for complement proteins to bind -> create pores -> lyse
• Also enhance phagocytosis
• Also activate cells to release more cytokines more activation and
chemotaxis

Question 9

action of antibodies

agglutination

Answer 9

– 2 binding sites on all antibodies -> can bind to 2 antigens -> clump together -> immobilize
• Easier for phagocytosis and prevents spread of infection

Question 10

action of antibodies

neutralization

Answer 10

– Antibodies surround specific sites on microbes -> they can’t bind to cells
• Also enhance phagocytosis

Question 11

vaccinations

Answer 11

Introduce weak (live) or dead (inactivated) antigen
– No chance of producing infection
– Build up memory T and B cells

Question 12

hypersensitivity type 1

Answer 12

Common allergies:
– Allergen enters body -> detected by Mast cells in
tissues (nose, throat, skin) -> release histamine -> vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction(bronchioles), mucous production
treatments: antihistamines

Question 13

anaphylactic shock

Answer 13

– Allergen enters blood stream and simultaneously stimulates mast cells all over body -> same as above just all over body
– Can lead to dangerous drop in BP -> death
treatment: epinephrine

Question 14

hypersensitivity type 4

Answer 14

Delayed hypersensitivities:
– Caused by T cells
– Take 1-3 days to appear
– Causes: poison oak, ivy, deodorants, metals (nickel in jewelry)
• diffuse through the skin and attach to MHC I complex and makes the body cells look foreign
– T Cells detect “invader” stimulate macrophages and cytotoxic T cells with cytokines destroy healthy tissue
– Treatment: cortisol based drugs (cortisone cream)

Question 15

autoimmune disease

Answer 15

– Immune system attacks self cells
– Triggers:
• When foreign antigen is very similar to self antigen
• Body makes new self antigens that immune cell don’t recognize
– Examples: Type I diabetes, Rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis

Question 16

leukemia

Answer 16

– Bone marrow produces many immature Lymphocytes – Not ready to fight infections
– Bone marrow: can’t produce enough RBCs or platelets • Tired, weak, can’t clot blood

Question 17

acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS)

Answer 17

• HIV binds to CD4 protein on T Helper Cells
– Can inactivate and kill T Helper cells
– Also effects other immune cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, others)
• Leads to insufficient cellular and humoral immune response

Question 18

functions of respiratory system

Answer 18

• Get air to alveoli
• Gas exchange with blood
• Speech
• Olfaction

Question 19

Ciliated mucous membrane

Answer 19

• Line all airways
• Contain unicellular glands that
secrete mucus
• Cilia on airway side
• Functions:
-Moisten air as it comes in and
-Reduce water loss on exhale

Question 20

nasopharynx

Answer 20

– Continuous with nasal cavity, superior to oral cavity

– Pharyngotympanic tube originates here

Question 21

oropharynx

Answer 21

– Continuous with oral cavity
– Lined by tonsils
– Separated from nasopharynx by soft palate and uvula
• Function: prevents food from entering nasal cavity

Question 22

laryngopharynx

Answer 22

– Naso- and oropharynx join to form this

Question 23

larynx(voice box)

Answer 23

• Muscular tube, lined by mucous membrane, supported by cartilage
• Air only

Question 24

glottis

Answer 24

opening to laryngopharynx, cartilage

Question 25

epiglottis

Answer 25

covering glottis during swallowing
• Extrinsic muscles of larynx elevate larynx
• Made of elastic cartilage

Question 26

vestibular folds

Answer 26

Prevent food from entering and prevent air from leaving when holding breath

Question 27

vocal cords

Answer 27

– Bands of connective tissue stretching across upper opening of layrnx
– Vibrate when exhaling
– Pitch regulated by length and tension of cords

Question 28

Trachea

Answer 28

• Muscular tube, lined by mucous membrane
• Supported by rings of hyaline cartilage
– Function: keep trachea from collapsing, due to negative pressure with inhaling
• Allows esophagus to smash it down some

Question 29

bronchioles

Answer 29

– SNS activation: dilate -> more air

– PNS activation: constrict -> less air