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BIO140 > Section 1 > Flashcards

Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How does a receptor send a signal to the CNS?

A

stimulus strength dictates AP frequency

receptor threshold dictates sensitivity to stimulus

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2
Q

tonic receptors

A

continues to send APs with continued stimulus

ex. nociceptors and prociceptors

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3
Q

phasic receptors

A

send AP with initial stimulus and with removal of stimulus
no signal with continued stimulus
ex. touch receptors

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4
Q

receptive field

A

area covered by one receptor

large -> more sensitive, less discriminatory

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5
Q

stretch reflex

A

stretch detected
afferent signal back to spinal cord
activates motor neuron of stretched (agonist) muscle
leads to muscle contraction of agonist
also activates inhibitory interneuron
inhibits activation of motor neuron for antagonist muscle
leads to relaxation of antagonist muscle

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6
Q

deep tendon reflex

A

receptor: golgi tendon organ
purpose: protect against over contraction
stimulus: tension in tendon
response: relaxation of muscle contraction (agonist), activation of antagonist muscle

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7
Q

flexor(withdrawal) reflex

A

receptors: nociceptors
purpose: move away from dangerous stimulus
stimulus: pain
response: flexor muscles cause withdrawal

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8
Q

taste cells

A

Taste receptors, not the neuron

Have several gustatory hairs (microvilli) to increase surface area

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9
Q

gustatory supporting cells

A

to give shape to taste buds

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10
Q

gustatory basal cells

A

stem cells to replace taste cells

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11
Q

papillae

A

gives rough texture

often contains taste buds

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12
Q

filliform

A

provide friction

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13
Q

circumvallate

A

form V on back of tongue

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14
Q

fungiform

A

smaller round, more abundant

anterior 2/3 of the tongue

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15
Q

taste buds

A

taste pore to let chemicals in

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16
Q

sweet taste

A

sugars, alcohol, some amino acids, and lead

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17
Q

salty taste

A

metal ions ex. NaCl

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18
Q

sour taste

A

Acids ex. H+

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19
Q

bitter taste

A

alkaloids ex. caffeine, morphine, nicotine, narangin

100x more sensitive to bitter than sour

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20
Q

Umami(savory) taste

A

amino acids(especially glutamine) meats

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21
Q

minty flavors

A

cold receptors

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22
Q

spicy flavors

A

capsacin lowers threshold for warm receptors -> feel hot in mouth and all over the body

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23
Q

taste pathway

A

specialized membrane receptors open to certain chemicals
cause depolarization(some second messenger, some directly producing action potentials)
leads to AP on sensory neurons
synapse in medulla
synapse in thalamus(integration with other sensations except smell)
ending in gustatory cortex(parietal lobe by temporal lobe)

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24
Q

olfactory receptor cells

A 
bipolar neurons
constant turnover(60 day lifespan)
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25
olfactory supporting cells
surrounding olfactory cells, provide stability and shape
26
olfactory basal cells
stem cells for olfactory receptors
27
olfactory pathway
molecules bind to membrane receptor starts second messenger system opens ion channels depolarize olfactory neuron olfactory nerve stimulates nuerons in olfactory nerve(in olfactory bulb) one tract goes to olfactory cortex of the frontal lobe also sent to hypothalamus(emotional response) and limbic system (memory: hippocampus, emotions) right nostril: more emotional connection left nostril: more accurate
28
eyebrow function
shade and catch sweat
29
eyelid function
spread lubricants and protectant
30
tarsal gland function
secrete oily solution lubricates eye movements
31
conjunctiva
mucous membrane lining the inside of the eyelids | keeps eye moist
32
lacrimal gland
part of lacrimal apparatus makes and secretes tears stimulated by facial nerve VII
33
tears made of?
mucous: moistens, lubricates, protects antibodies: destroy microorganisms lysozymes: destroy bacteria
34
sclera function
fibrous tunic outer white part shapes eye, attachment for muscles
35
cornea function
fibrous tunic anterior portion bends light, protects
36
choroid function
vascular tunic posterior region, contains pigment cells absorbs light and minimizes scattering, supplies blood
37
cilliary body function
vascular tunic anterior region, smooth muscle under parasympathetic control (Oculomotor III) controls lens shape
38
cilliary process function
vascualr tunic | secrete aqueous humor to fill anterior part of eye
39
Iris function
vascualr tunic pigment part determines pupil size
40
pupil function
vascular tunic central hole determines how much light enters eye
41
parasympathetic activation
oculomotor III -> contracts pupillary sphincter muscle -> constricts pupil for: near vision/protection -> less light
42
sympathetic activation
contract pupillary dilator muscle -> dilate(not a cranial nerve) -> far vision/stress -> more light, more vision needed
43
sensory tunic(retina) function
pigmented layer against the choroid function | prevent light scatter; help replace photoreceptors
44
region of the retina: fovea centralis
packed with cones high visual acuity point of focus
45
region of retina: blind spot AKA optic disc
point where optic nerve II leaves the eyeball | no photoreceptors
46
regions of the retina: periphery
sides of eyeball many rods very sensitive to light low resolution
47
lens function
elastic focuses the image -changes the degree of light/bending refraction
48
posterior segment function
contains vitreous humor | retains shape of eye, holds lens and retina in place, transmits light
49
extrinsic eye muscle
originate within orbit and insert into sclera types: - recti(straight muscles) - obliques(curved muscles)
50
superior rectus
moves eye up, CN III
51
inferior rectus
moves eye down, CN III
52
medial rectus
moves eye in or medially, CN III
53
lateral rectus
moves eye out or laterally, CN III
54
superior oblique
pulls front of eye downward and lateral | helps with rotation, CN IV
55
inferior oblique
pulls front of eye upward and lateral | helps with rotation, CN III
56
rods
``` function: light receptors for dim light and peripheral vision more sensitive to light than cones no color large receptive field low resolution more numerous than cones(~100 million) ```
57
cones
function: specialized to detect color small receptive field, not as sensitive ~5 million in fovea centralis
58
difference between rods and cones are wired to bipolar and ganglion cells
can have up to 100 rods for each 1 ganglion cell. Usually 1 or 2 cones per ganglion cell
59
light for close object
lots of divergence
60
light for far objects
mostly parallel light waves that reach eye
61
near objects, pupil size and lens shape
pupil size small, lens is more convex
62
far object, pupil size and shape
pupil opens up to get more light, lens more concave
63
cilliary muscle
circle around lens - contraction -> allows lens to become more convex - -relaxation -> pulls lens out, less convex
64
suspensory ligaments
Connect lens to ciliary muscle Contraction (of ciliary muscle) -> loose Relaxation (of ciliary muscle) -> tight
65
lens
naturally more convex, but can be stretched
66
focusing: near vision
light rays are: divergent -> need much bending lens: CN III -> contract ciliary muscles -> lens gets more convex pupil: CN III -> contract pupillary sphincter muscle -> constrict pupil -> less light enters eye, more parallel beams eyeball: contract medial rectus muscles for eye convergence
67
focusing: far vision
light rays are: parallel -> need little bending lens: ciliary muscles relax -> lens flattens out pupil: dilates via less CN III activation and/or sympathetic nervous system activation -> relax pupillary sphincter muscle and/or contract pupillary dilator muscle -> pupil dilates eyeballs: divergence via lateral rectus
68
myopia
can't see far cause: long eyeball correction: concave
69
Hyperopia
can't see near cause: short eyeball correction: convex
70
astigmatism
multiple focal points cause: irregular shaped lens or cornea correction: cylindrically shaped lens
71
presbyopia
lens lose elasticity doesn't become convex harder to see up close
72
external ear: auricle
collects sounds, helps determine direction of sound
73
external ear: Auditory Canal (external auditory meatus)
-Passageway to middle ear | – Contains ceruminous glands
74
middle ear: Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
transmit sound from external ear to middle ear
75
middle ear: Malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup)
transmit sound from eardrum as vibrations to the inner ear
76
middle ear: pharyngotympanic membrane
Pressure regulation in middle ear. Pressure must be equal on either side of the ear drum or sound is distorted
77
internal ear: semicircular canals
awareness of rotational movement in space
78
internal ear: vestibule
awareness of position of head relative to gravity | awareness of linear movements of the head
79
internal ear: cochlea
hearing
80
internal ear innervated by?
CN VIII
81
vestibule
linear movement of head and position of head with respect to gravity

BIO140 (4 decks)

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