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BIO140 > Section 1 > Flashcards

Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How does a receptor send a signal to the CNS?

A

stimulus strength dictates AP frequency

receptor threshold dictates sensitivity to stimulus

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2
Q

tonic receptors

A

continues to send APs with continued stimulus

ex. nociceptors and prociceptors

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3
Q

phasic receptors

A

send AP with initial stimulus and with removal of stimulus
no signal with continued stimulus
ex. touch receptors

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4
Q

receptive field

A

area covered by one receptor

large -> more sensitive, less discriminatory

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5
Q

stretch reflex

A

stretch detected
afferent signal back to spinal cord
activates motor neuron of stretched (agonist) muscle
leads to muscle contraction of agonist
also activates inhibitory interneuron
inhibits activation of motor neuron for antagonist muscle
leads to relaxation of antagonist muscle

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6
Q

deep tendon reflex

A

receptor: golgi tendon organ
purpose: protect against over contraction
stimulus: tension in tendon
response: relaxation of muscle contraction (agonist), activation of antagonist muscle

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7
Q

flexor(withdrawal) reflex

A

receptors: nociceptors
purpose: move away from dangerous stimulus
stimulus: pain
response: flexor muscles cause withdrawal

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8
Q

taste cells

A

Taste receptors, not the neuron

Have several gustatory hairs (microvilli) to increase surface area

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9
Q

gustatory supporting cells

A

to give shape to taste buds

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10
Q

gustatory basal cells

A

stem cells to replace taste cells

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11
Q

papillae

A

gives rough texture

often contains taste buds

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12
Q

filliform

A

provide friction

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13
Q

circumvallate

A

form V on back of tongue

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14
Q

fungiform

A

smaller round, more abundant

anterior 2/3 of the tongue

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15
Q

taste buds

A

taste pore to let chemicals in

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16
Q

sweet taste

A

sugars, alcohol, some amino acids, and lead

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17
Q

salty taste

A

metal ions ex. NaCl

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18
Q

sour taste

A

Acids ex. H+

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19
Q

bitter taste

A

alkaloids ex. caffeine, morphine, nicotine, narangin

100x more sensitive to bitter than sour

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20
Q

Umami(savory) taste

A

amino acids(especially glutamine) meats

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21
Q

minty flavors

A

cold receptors

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22
Q

spicy flavors

A

capsacin lowers threshold for warm receptors -> feel hot in mouth and all over the body

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23
Q

taste pathway

A

specialized membrane receptors open to certain chemicals
cause depolarization(some second messenger, some directly producing action potentials)
leads to AP on sensory neurons
synapse in medulla
synapse in thalamus(integration with other sensations except smell)
ending in gustatory cortex(parietal lobe by temporal lobe)

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24
Q

olfactory receptor cells

A 
bipolar neurons
constant turnover(60 day lifespan)
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25
Q

olfactory supporting cells

A

surrounding olfactory cells, provide stability and shape

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26
Q

olfactory basal cells

A

stem cells for olfactory receptors

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27
Q

olfactory pathway

A

molecules bind to membrane receptor
starts second messenger system
opens ion channels
depolarize olfactory neuron
olfactory nerve stimulates nuerons in olfactory nerve(in olfactory bulb)
one tract goes to olfactory cortex of the frontal lobe
also sent to hypothalamus(emotional response) and limbic system (memory: hippocampus, emotions)
right nostril: more emotional connection
left nostril: more accurate

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28
Q

eyebrow function

A

shade and catch sweat

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29
Q

eyelid function

A

spread lubricants and protectant

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30
Q

tarsal gland function

A

secrete oily solution lubricates eye movements

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31
Q

conjunctiva

A

mucous membrane lining the inside of the eyelids

keeps eye moist

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32
Q

lacrimal gland

A

part of lacrimal apparatus
makes and secretes tears
stimulated by facial nerve VII

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33
Q

tears made of?

A

mucous: moistens, lubricates, protects
antibodies: destroy microorganisms
lysozymes: destroy bacteria

34
Q

sclera function

A

fibrous tunic
outer white part
shapes eye, attachment for muscles

35
Q

cornea function

A

fibrous tunic
anterior portion
bends light, protects

36
Q

choroid function

A

vascular tunic
posterior region, contains pigment cells
absorbs light and minimizes scattering, supplies blood

37
Q

cilliary body function

A

vascular tunic
anterior region, smooth muscle under parasympathetic control (Oculomotor III)
controls lens shape

38
Q

cilliary process function

A

vascualr tunic

secrete aqueous humor to fill anterior part of eye

39
Q

Iris function

A

vascualr tunic
pigment part
determines pupil size

40
Q

pupil function

A

vascular tunic
central hole
determines how much light enters eye

41
Q

parasympathetic activation

A

oculomotor III -> contracts pupillary sphincter muscle -> constricts pupil for: near vision/protection -> less light

42
Q

sympathetic activation

A

contract pupillary dilator muscle -> dilate(not a cranial nerve) -> far vision/stress -> more light, more vision needed

43
Q

sensory tunic(retina) function

A

pigmented layer against the choroid function

prevent light scatter; help replace photoreceptors

44
Q

region of the retina: fovea centralis

A

packed with cones
high visual acuity
point of focus

45
Q

region of retina: blind spot AKA optic disc

A

point where optic nerve II leaves the eyeball

no photoreceptors

46
Q

regions of the retina: periphery

A

sides of eyeball
many rods
very sensitive to light
low resolution

47
Q

lens function

A

elastic
focuses the image
-changes the degree of light/bending refraction

48
Q

posterior segment function

A

contains vitreous humor

retains shape of eye, holds lens and retina in place, transmits light

49
Q

extrinsic eye muscle

A

originate within orbit and insert into sclera

types:
- recti(straight muscles)
- obliques(curved muscles)

50
Q

superior rectus

A

moves eye up, CN III

51
Q

inferior rectus

A

moves eye down, CN III

52
Q

medial rectus

A

moves eye in or medially, CN III

53
Q

lateral rectus

A

moves eye out or laterally, CN III

54
Q

superior oblique

A

pulls front of eye downward and lateral

helps with rotation, CN IV

55
Q

inferior oblique

A

pulls front of eye upward and lateral

helps with rotation, CN III

56
Q

rods

A 
function: light receptors for dim light and peripheral vision
more sensitive to light than cones
no color
large receptive field
low resolution
more numerous than cones(~100 million)
57
Q

cones

A

function: specialized to detect color
small receptive field, not as sensitive
~5 million in fovea centralis

58
Q

difference between rods and cones are wired to bipolar and ganglion cells

A

can have up to 100 rods for each 1 ganglion cell. Usually 1 or 2 cones per ganglion cell

59
Q

light for close object

A

lots of divergence

60
Q

light for far objects

A

mostly parallel light waves that reach eye

61
Q

near objects, pupil size and lens shape

A

pupil size small, lens is more convex

62
Q

far object, pupil size and shape

A

pupil opens up to get more light, lens more concave

63
Q

cilliary muscle

A

circle around lens

  • contraction -> allows lens to become more convex
  • -relaxation -> pulls lens out, less convex
64
Q

suspensory ligaments

A

Connect lens to ciliary muscle
Contraction (of ciliary muscle) -> loose
Relaxation (of ciliary muscle) -> tight

65
Q

lens

A

naturally more convex, but can be stretched

66
Q

focusing: near vision

A

light rays are: divergent -> need much bending

lens: CN III -> contract ciliary muscles -> lens gets more convex
pupil: CN III -> contract pupillary sphincter muscle -> constrict pupil -> less light enters eye, more parallel beams
eyeball: contract medial rectus muscles for eye convergence

67
Q

focusing: far vision

A

light rays are: parallel -> need little bending

lens: ciliary muscles relax -> lens flattens out
pupil: dilates via less CN III activation and/or sympathetic nervous system activation -> relax pupillary sphincter muscle and/or contract pupillary dilator muscle -> pupil dilates
eyeballs: divergence via lateral rectus

68
Q

myopia

A

can’t see far

cause: long eyeball
correction: concave

69
Q

Hyperopia

A

can’t see near

cause: short eyeball
correction: convex

70
Q

astigmatism

A

multiple focal points

cause: irregular shaped lens or cornea
correction: cylindrically shaped lens

71
Q

presbyopia

A

lens lose elasticity
doesn’t become convex
harder to see up close

72
Q

external ear: auricle

A

collects sounds, helps determine direction of sound

73
Q

external ear: Auditory Canal (external auditory meatus)

A

-Passageway to middle ear

– Contains ceruminous glands

74
Q

middle ear: Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

A

transmit sound from external ear to middle ear

75
Q

middle ear: Malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup)

A

transmit sound from eardrum as vibrations to the inner ear

76
Q

middle ear: pharyngotympanic membrane

A

Pressure regulation in middle ear. Pressure must be equal on either side of the ear drum or sound is distorted

77
Q

internal ear: semicircular canals

A

awareness of rotational movement in space

78
Q

internal ear: vestibule

A

awareness of position of head relative to gravity

awareness of linear movements of the head

79
Q

internal ear: cochlea

A

hearing

80
Q

internal ear innervated by?

A

CN VIII

81
Q

vestibule

A

linear movement of head and position of head with respect to gravity

BIO140 (4 decks)

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