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MICR 2123 > Section 5 Review > Flashcards

Section 5 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria normally found at various non-sterile body sites are called

A

commensal organisms

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2
Q

The consortium of colonizing microbes has been dubbed the human ________ or ________

A

microbiota or microbiome

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3
Q

What are the benefits of Commensals

A
  1. Make vitamins and digest food
  2. Prevent colonization by pathogens (compete with them for food and produced antibacterial agents that kill them)
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4
Q

What are the risks of commensals

A
  • might cause disease in immunocompromised patients
  • anaerobic gas gangrene if it gets in surrounding tissues
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5
Q

What is the specificity of innate or non-adaptive immunity

A

non-specific

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6
Q

When does innate or non-adaptive immunity occur

A

present at birth

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7
Q

Does innate immunity have memory

A

no

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8
Q

What cells are involved with innate immunity

A

antigen-present cells such as macrophages

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9
Q

What is the specificity for adaptive immunity

A

specifc

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10
Q

When does adaptive immunity occur

A

upon exposure to antigens

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11
Q

Does adaptive immunity have memory

A

yes, faster response upon second exposure

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12
Q

What type of cells are involved with adaptive immunity

A

T-cells and B-cells

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13
Q

What are the types of adaptive immunity

A
  • Humoral immunity (mediated by B-cells and activated by T-cells
  • Cell-mediated immunity (T-cells)
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14
Q

What are the Physical barriers in innate immunity

A
  1. skin - hard to colonize
  2. mucous membranes - mucous secreted traps pathogens
  3. lungs
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15
Q

What are the chemical barriers in innate immunity

A
  1. acidic pH of the stomach
  2. Lysozymes in tears
  3. Lysozyme in secreted mucous destroys pathogens
  4. defensins
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16
Q

What are macrophages considered to be

A

antigen-presenting cells

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17
Q

What are the signs of inflammation

A
  • swelling
  • redness
  • heat/fever
  • pain
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18
Q

What are the steps of inflammation in innate immunity

A
  1. macrophages phagocytose bacteria
  2. macrophages release chemicals to start inflammation
  3. more macrophages are called to the site of infection
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19
Q

How many serum proteins (complement factors) make up the complement cascade

A

20

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20
Q

What do complement factors do

A

attack bacterial invaders

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21
Q

What do complement factors do?

A

Attack bacterial invaders

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22
Q

Effective ness by which an antigen elicits an immune response

A

Immunogeniciy

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23
Q

What are the most effective antigens or the most immunogenic

A

proteins

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24
Q

Any molecule that when introduced in the body will elicit an immune response in the form of antibody production

A

antigen or immunogen

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25
Q

Every antibody has a ________ ________ and a __________ ________

A

constant region, variable region

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26
Q

What do variable regions bind to

A

antigens

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27
Q

Every antibody has a tail known as the ___________, and two arms known as the _____________

A

Fc region, Fab regions

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28
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies

A
  • IgG
  • IgM
  • IgA
  • IgD
  • IgE
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29
Q

Why are there 5 classes of antibodies

A

because of the differences in the constant regions

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30
Q

What does IgG contain

A

abundant in blood and tissue fluids

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31
Q

What does IgA contain

A

abundant in secretions such as tears and breast milk

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32
Q

What does IgM contain

A

first antibody detected during an immune response

33
Q

When do antibodies appear in the blood in the primary antibody response

A

after several days

34
Q

When do antibodies appear in the blood in the secondary antibody response

A

within hours due to memory from the first encounter

35
Q

Which antibodies appear first in the primary antibody response

A

IgM and IgG

36
Q

Which antibodies appear first in the secondary antibody response

A

IgG with a much higher response

37
Q

What is the encounter in a primary antibody response

A

first disease encounter or first vaccination

38
Q

What is the encounter in a secondary antibody response

A

second disease encounter or booster dose

39
Q

What is the function of B-cells in adaptive immunity

A
  • Differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies specific to the antigen
  • memory cells that retain the memory of the antigen for faster response on the second encounter
40
Q

What type of adaptive immunity is involved in the B-cells

A

humoral

41
Q

In B-cells, what is antigen bound

A

circulating blood

42
Q

Are there sub-types of B-cells?

A

no

43
Q

What is the function of T-cells in adaptive immunity

A
  • Links the humoral and cell-mediated immunity
  • activates differentiation of B-cells to plasma and memory cells.
44
Q

What type of adaptive immunity is involved with T-cells

A

Humoral and cell-mediated; both

45
Q

In T-cells what is antigen bound

A

Present on MHC proteins on surface of APC or nucleated cell

46
Q

Are their sub-types of T cells?

A

T helper cells
T cytotoxic cells

47
Q

What lymphocytes are involved in humoral immunity

A

B-cells to make antibodies specific for the antigen
T helper cells assist

48
Q

What antigens are recognized in humoral immunity

A

extracellular antigens that have been recognized by macrophages, phagocytosed, degraded, and antigens presented on the surface of APC only

49
Q

What are the two mechanism levels in Humoral immunity

A
  1. Clonal selection and expansion at the B-cells level
  2. B-cell differentiation into plasma cells (antibody-producing cells) and memory cells for faster response on the second encounter. This step is influenced by T helper cells.
50
Q

What is the host cell in humoral immunity

A

APC

51
Q

What MHC is involved in humoral immunity

A

the antigen is presented on MHCII

52
Q

What lymphocytes are involved in cell-mediated immunity

A

Cytotoxic T cells destroy the infected body cell

53
Q

What levels of the mechanism are involved in cell-mediated immunity

A

Cytotoxic T cells recognize the antigen on surface of infected host cells

54
Q

What is the antigen recognized in cell-mediated immunity

A

antigens are from intracellular pathogens like viruses and intracellular bacteria that did not enter the cell by phagocytosis

55
Q

What is the host cell in cell-mediated immunity

A

any nucleated cell

56
Q

What is the MHC involved in cell-mediated immunity

A

antigen presented on MHCI

57
Q

What do Cytotoxic T cells secrete

A
  1. Perforin
  2. Toxic “Granzymes”
58
Q

What do perforins do

A

forms pore in target cell membrane

59
Q

What do toxic “granzymes” do

A

enter targe cell through pores and destroy it

60
Q

What are the types of pathogens

A

Primary - disease in healthy host
Opportunistic - disease in immunocompromised host

61
Q

What are the types of pathogenicity

A
  1. Infectivity - how easy is it for the pathogen to cause disease
  2. Virulence - how severe is the disease
62
Q

What are the virulence factors

A
  1. pathogenicity islands
  2. plasmids
  3. phage genomes
63
Q

What are the routes of transmission

A
  1. Reservoir
  2. Vector
64
Q

An animal, bird, or insect that normally harbors the pathogen, in which the pathogen can replicate

A

reservoir

65
Q

an insect or a tick that transmits the pathogen from one host or reservoir to the next

A

vector

66
Q

What are the routes of transmission

A
  • horizontally
  • vertical
  • accidental
67
Q

transmission from one member of a species to another

A

horizontal transmission

68
Q

the passage of a pathogen from parent to offspring

A

vertical transmission

69
Q

when a host that is not part of the normal infection cycle unintentionally encounters that cycle. Usually, a reservoir is involved

A

accidental transmission

70
Q

What are the portals of entry

A
  1. oral with food
  2. airborne
  3. eye
  4. mucosal surfaces
  5. parenteral (injection in the bloodstream)
71
Q

What are exotoxins?

A
  • Gram-negative and positive species
  • synthesized in the cytoplasm; may or may not be secreted
  • protein, generally inactivated by heat
  • a distinct toxic mechanism for each
  • generally very potent; some are among the most potent toxins known
72
Q

What are endotoxins

A
  • gram-negative species only
  • component of the outer membrane
  • Lipopolysaccharide, heat stable
  • innate immune response; a systemic response leads to fever, a dramatic drop in blood pressure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation
  • not very toxic; small amounts lead to an appropriate response that helps clear an infection
73
Q

What happens in the Type II secretion system for bacterial exotoxins

A

Ex: Cholera toxin
Toxin secreted into periplasm first then moved out by a piston-like assembly

74
Q

What happens in the Type III secretion system for bacterial exotoxins

A

Ex: Shiga toxin
Toxin moves from cytoplasm directly to the outside (molecular syringe) without passing by periplasm

75
Q

What happens in the Type IV secretion system for bacterial exotoxins

A

Ex: Bordetella pertussis
Either could happen. toxin secreted or toxin moves

76
Q

animal diseases accidentally transmitted to humans

A

Zoonotic disease

77
Q

acquired in a hospital setting

A

nosocomial infections

78
Q

The stimulation of an immune response by deliberate inoculation with an immunogen

A

immunization

MICR 2123 (6 decks)

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