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MICR 2123 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

An organism’s phylogeny describes what?

A. acquisition of genes by horizontal gene transfer
B. genomic G+C content
C. chemical composition (percentage of C, N, P, etc.)
D. codon usage compared to other organisms
E. genetic relatedness to other species

A

E. genetic relatedness to other species

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2
Q

A(n) _____ is a group of organisms that all share a common ancestor, not shared with any other organism outside of its group.

A

clade

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3
Q

Which of the following does not represent a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer among prokaryotes?

A. acquisition of transposable elements
B. transduction
C. transformation
D. conjugal transfer of plasmid DNA
E. binary fission

A

E. binary fission

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4
Q

Which of the following conditions would most strongly favor adaptive evolution in bacteria?

A. continuous exposure to antibiotics
B. growth in a nutrient-rich broth
C. growth at moderate temperatures and pH
D. nonobligatory commensal relationships
E. absence of predators or viruses

A

A. continuous exposure to antibiotics

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5
Q

Which of the following traits of bacterial cells differ significantly from the other domains of life?

A. nature of genetic code
B. phospholipids in membrane
C. peptidoglycan in cell envelope
D. type of RNA polymerase
E. translation elongation factors
F. DNA as genetic material

A

C. peptidoglycan in cell envelope
D. type of RNA polymerase
E. translation elongation factors

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6
Q

What takes place inside of cyanobacterial carboxysomes?

A. buoyancy regulation
B. Krebs cycle
C. nitrogen fixation
D. carbon fixation
E. light-reactions of photosynthesis

A

D. carbon fixation

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7
Q

The two major genera of Gram-positive bacteria include the _______________ , which contains the endospore-forming genera (e.g., Bacillus and Clostridium), and the _______________, which contains some filamentous forms (e.g., Streptomyces) that produce exospores.

A. low GC Actinobacteria ; high GC Firmicutes
B. high GC Actinobacteria ; low GC Firmicutes
C. high GC Firmicutes ; low GC Actinobacteria
D. low GC Firmicutes ; high GC Actinobacteria

A

D. low GC Firmicutes ; high GC Actinobacteria

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8
Q

Nitrosomas spp. are betaproteobacteria which mediate which important step in the nitrogen cycle?

A. ammonia oxidation
B. ammonification
C. nitrate reduction
D. denitrification
E. nitrite oxidation

A

A. ammonia oxidation

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9
Q

The cyanobacteria are thought to have given rise to which eukaryotic organelle?

A. Lysosomes
B. The nucleus
C. Chloroplasts
D. Mitochondria

A

C. Chloroplasts

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10
Q

A Gram-positive bacterium with a low GC content may be a(n)

A. Nitrospirae.
B. Actinobacteria.
C. Firmicute.
D. Proteobacteria.

A

C. Firmicute.

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11
Q

An example of a Gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming microbe is

A. Anabaena.
B. Salmonella.
C. Clostridium.
D. Lactobacillus.

A

C. Clostridium.

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12
Q

The closest relatives of mitochondria are found in which bacteria class?

A. Gammaproteobacteria
B. Betaproteobacteria
C. Deltaproteobacteria
D. Alphaproteobacteria

A

D. Alphaproteobacteria

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13
Q

Bacteria used in wastewater treatment include those that can convert ammonia and nitrite to nitrate, decreasing the reduced nitrogen content of the sewage. These bacteria, such as Nitrosomonas spp., often belong in

A. Deltaproteobacteria.
B. Gammaproteobacteria.
C. Alphaproteobacteria.
D. Betaproteobacteria.

A

D. Betaproteobacteria.

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14
Q

The process of methanogenesis uses a series of specific cofactors to carry each carbon from CO2 (or another substrate) as it becomes progressively reduced by hydrogen. Which of the following is not a cofactor unique to methanogens?

A. coenzyme M (CoM)
B. methanofuran (MFR)
C. tetrahydromethanopterin (H4MPT)
D. cofactor F420 (F420)
E. flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD+)

A

E. flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD+)

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15
Q

With respect to O2 requirements, most methanogens are which of the following?

A. facultative anaerobes
B. strict aerobes
C. strict anaerobes
D. aerotolerant

A

C. strict anaerobes

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16
Q

Methanogenic bacteria are which of the following?

A. strict aerobes that obtain energy through the synthesis of methane
B. strict anaerobes that obtain energy through the consumption of methane
C. strict anaerobes that obtain energy through the synthesis of methane
D. strict aerobes that obtain energy through the consumption of methane

A

C. strict anaerobes that obtain energy through the synthesis of methane

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17
Q

Which of the following is true of all archaeans discovered to date?

A. They are unable to synthesize proteins.
B. None of them are human pathogens.
C. They are extremophiles.
D. They are more closely related to bacteria than to eukaryotes.

A

B. None of them are human pathogens.

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18
Q

Which of the following produces mushroom fruiting bodies?

A. Basidiomycota
B. Zygomycota
C. Ascomycota
D. Chytridiomycota

A

A. Basidiomycota

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19
Q

One reason why fungi cannot perform phagocytosis of food particles is that they

A. do not encounter food particles in their environments.
B. do not need to, because they are photosynthetic.
C. are surrounded by a stiff cell wall.
D. lack necessary cytoskeletal components such as actin.

A

C. are surrounded by a stiff cell wall.

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20
Q

Which of the following structures is most likely to be a component of both chytrid zoospores and motile animal cells?

A. Flagella
B. Cilia
C. Pseudopods
D. Frustule

A

A. Flagella

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21
Q

Which of the following characteristics are typical of fungi?

A. Mycelium
B. Mixotroph
C. Chloroplasts
D. Cell wall
E. Multicellular
F. Unicellular

A

A. Mycelium
D. Cell wall
E. Multicellular
F. Unicellular

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22
Q

Methanogens usually require

A. acidic conditions.
B. methane as a substrate.
C. association with bacterial species.
D. high temperatures.

A

C. association with bacterial species.

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23
Q

Life on Earth relies on the production, consumption, and recycling of nutrients. The position that an organism occupies within a food web is referred to as its _____.

A

trophic level

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24
Q

What are three types of assimilatory processes?

A

Photosynthesis
Chemoautotrophy
Nitrogen fixation

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25
Q

What are three types of dissimilatory processes?

A

Decomposition
Nitrification
Aerobic respiration of organic compounds

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26
Q

Which of the following represent prokaryotic primary producers?

A. moss
B. seaweed
C. viruses
D. protists
E. lithoautotrophs
F. fungi
G. cyanobacteria

A

E. lithoautotrophs
G. cyanobacteria

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27
Q

What is the order of the food web starting from primary producer?

A

Primary producer
Grazers
Primary predator
Secondary predator
Decomposers

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28
Q

Which of the following symbionts may be found in lichens?

A. chemoautotroph
B. cyanobacterium
C. zooxanthella
D. alga
E. moss
F. fungus

A

B. cyanobacterium
D. alga
F. fungus

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29
Q

Fungi that invade plant cells in their roots but do establish a mutualistic relationship are

A. endomycorrhizae.
B. ectomycorrhizae.
C. opportunistic pathogens.
D. generalists in terms of their mutualistic relationships.

A

A. endomycorrhizae.

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30
Q

Soil food webs differ from marine food webs in that

A. oxygen is present throughout.
B. the role of bacteria is greater than in all trophic levels.
C. decomposition is much less important.
D. primary production is done mostly by plants.

A

D. primary production is done mostly by plants.

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31
Q

Suppose various legume plant parts are rubbed with a protein gel. Which plant part is most likely to test positive for nitrogenase?

A. Roots
B. Leaves
C. Stems
D. Flowers

A

A. Roots

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32
Q

Which of the following does NOT contribute to eutrophication?

A. Antibiotic runoff
B. Excessive nitrogen inputs
C. Organic pollutants
D. Algal blooms

A

A. Antibiotic runoff

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33
Q

An organism classified as a barophile is most likely to be found in which habitat?

A. Euphotic zone
B. Benthic zone
C. Epilimnion
D. Aerated horizon

A

B. Benthic zone

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34
Q

How do viruses contribute in the food web?

A

Decompose bacteria

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35
Q

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is controlled by the concentration of

A. multicellular organisms.
B. benthic microorganisms.
C. heterotrophic microorganisms.
D. autotrophic microorganisms.

A

C. heterotrophic microorganisms.

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36
Q

Syntrophy means

A. coupled metabolic pathways in one organism to achieve negative ΔG.
B. two organisms eating at the same trophic level.
C. using two metabolic pathways simultaneously.
D. multiple organisms needed to complete a metabolic pathway with negative ΔG.

A

D. multiple organisms needed to complete a metabolic pathway with negative ΔG.

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37
Q

Lichens are an example of a mutualism between an alga and a(n)

A. animal.
B. bacterium.
C. fungus.
D. plant.

A

C. fungus.

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38
Q

The major primary producers in terrestrial ecosystems are

A. fungi.
B. cyanobacteria.
C. earthworms.
D. land plants.

A

D. land plants.

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39
Q

A single-celled eukaryote feeds on cyanobacteria (photoautotrophs). The cyanobacteria are considered

A. grazers.
B. decomposers.
C. predators.
D. primary producers.

A

D. primary producers.

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40
Q

An organism fixes nitrogen for the production of amino acids. This is an example of

A. assimilation.
B. habitat.
C. dissimilation.
D. predation.

A

A. assimilation.

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41
Q

Despite the fact that the Earth’s crust contains approximately 3,000 times more carbon than the oceans, the oceans are a more important carbon reservoir for most living things. Why is this?

A. The carbon in crustal rock cannot be fixed by living organisms.
B. The oceans serve as a carbon source but not a carbon sink.
C. Carbon cycles quickly between crustal rock and living things.
D. Carbon cycles quickly between the oceans and living things.

A

D. Carbon cycles quickly between the oceans and living things.

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42
Q

What is the ranking of nitrogenous compounds from least oxidized to most oxidized?

A

NH3
N2
NO2-
NO3-

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43
Q

What are the types of carbon reservoirs from smallest amount to largest amount of carbon?

A

Atmosphere
Fossil fuel
Ocean
Earth’s crust

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44
Q

Which reservoir cycles carbon least rapidly? Middle? Most?

A

Earth’s crust
Oceans
Atmosphere

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45
Q

What are some factors of aerobic carbon cycling?

A

Supports higher rates of biomass production
Occurs in the photic zone of the ocean
Includes photosynthetic fixation of CO2

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46
Q

What are some factors of anaerobic carbon cycling?

A

Includes fermentation
Favors incomplete breakdown of organic material
Includes respiration that uses nitrate, Fe3+, and sulfate as electron acceptors

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47
Q

What process takes CO2+H2O and converts it to CH2O?

A

Photosynthesis

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48
Q

What process takes CH2O and converts it to CO2+H2O?

A

Aerobic respiration

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49
Q

What process takes CH2O and converts it to alcohols and acids (H2+CO2)?

A

Fermentation

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50
Q

What process takes alcohols and acids (H2+CO2) and converts them to CH2O?

A

Anaerobic lithotrophy

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51
Q

______ is a fully reduced form of carbon that accumulates deep underground due to limiting ______.

A

Methane
O2

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52
Q

Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between the concentration of organic compounds in a body of water and its biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)?

A. As the concentration of organic compounds decreases, the BOD increases.
B. The concentration of organic compounds does not affect the BOD.
C. As the concentration of organic compounds increases, the BOD decreases.
D. As the concentration of organic compounds increases, so does the BOD.

A

D. As the concentration of organic compounds increases, so does the BOD.

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53
Q

Which of the following is the most direct cause of a rise in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in bodies of water?

A. respiration by heterotrophs
B. chemosynthesis by lithotrophs
C. methanogenesis by methanogens
D. photosynthesis by cyanobacteria

A

A. respiration by heterotrophs

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54
Q

The hydrologic and carbon cycles interact. Organic carbon-containing compounds in water act as fuel for __________ by aquatic organisms. This process uses __________ and if the process occurs at too great a rate, __________ dead zones occur in the body of water.

A. photosynthesis, carbon dioxide, oxygenated
B. respiration, oxygen, hypoxic
C. respiration, carbon dioxide, oxygenated
D. photosynthesis, oxygen, hypoxic

A

B. respiration, oxygen, hypoxic

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55
Q

What are the three steps in the “nitrogen triangle”? Place them in the order needed starting from N2.

A

Nitrogen fixation
Aerobic nitrification
Anaerobic denitrification

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56
Q

Which of the following processes of the nitrogen cycle is an aerobic process?

A. nitrogen fixation
B. nitrification
C. anammox reaction
D. denitrification

A

B. nitrification

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57
Q

Which of the following nitrogen cycle processes returns N2 to the atmosphere?

A. denitrification
B. nitrogen fixation
C. anammox reaction
D. nitrification

A

A. denitrification
C. anammox reaction

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58
Q

Which of the following is the most oxidized form of carbon?

A. Methane (CH4)
B. Methanol (CH3OH)
C. Formic acid (HCOOH)
D. Carbon dioxide (CO2)

A

D. Carbon dioxide (CO2)

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59
Q

In a wastewater treatment plant, microbes are used primarily during __________ treatment.

A. secondary
B. quaternary
C. primary
D. tertiary

A

A. secondary

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60
Q

The primary source and sink of nitrogen is

A. the ocean.
B. the atmosphere.
C. forests.
D. soil.

A

B. the atmosphere.

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61
Q

Nitrogen is often a limiting nutrient for plant growth because

A. human activities have reduced the nitrogen concentration in the environment.
B. plants cannot use the most abundant form of nitrogen (N2).
C. it is a small percentage of the atmosphere.
D. nitrogen is not transported into plant cells efficiently.

A

B. plants cannot use the most abundant form of nitrogen (N2).

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62
Q

Cellular nitrogen fixation

A. can occur in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
B. leads to the oxidation of nitrogen.
C. occurs in the absence of an enzyme.
D. requires a lot of energy.

A

D. requires a lot of energy.

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63
Q

Which of the following is a true statement about dissimilatory nitrate reduction?

A. It occurs mainly in the presence of oxygen gas (O2).
B. Nitrate acts as an electron donor.
C. It is not an important pathway in the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle.
D. It can lead to the production of N2 or ammonia.

A

D. It can lead to the production of N2 or ammonia.

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64
Q

Which of the following is the most oxidized form of nitrogen?

A. NO
B. NH3
C. NO2–
D. NO3–

A

D. NO3–

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65
Q

Define clade:

A

group of species that once shared a common ancestor

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66
Q

Define taxonomy:

A

description of life forms and their classification into groups

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67
Q

What is the order of taxonomy from largest to smallest?

A

class-order-family-genus-species

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68
Q

Define horizontal gene transfer:

A

transfer of one or more genes between unrelated species

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69
Q

Define vertical gene transfer:

A

linked to DNA replication and cell duration

WHOLE GENOME copied and passed to offspring

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70
Q

Define symbiosis:

A

association between two or more species

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71
Q

Define mutualism:

A

type of symbiosis

both partner benefit

72
Q

Define endosymbiosis:

A

type of symbiosis

one partner lives inside the body of another

73
Q

Define syntrophy:

A

type of symbiosis

2 or more partners depend on each other for the completion of their metabolism

74
Q

Define co-evolution:

A

endosymbiotic relationship where both partners evolve together

involves reductive evolution of the endosymbiont

75
Q

Define ecosystem:

A

habitat and the organisms living in it

76
Q

Define assimilation:

A

part of ecosystem

primary producers
-CO2 fixation, N2 fixation, photosynthesis

77
Q

Define dissimilation:

A

part of ecosystem

consumers and decomposers
-respiration, fermentation, heterotrophy

78
Q

What are the 4 ocean layers?

A

Neuston
Euphotic zone
Aphotic zone
Benthos

79
Q

What is the neuston?

A

top ocean layer

interface between water and air

80
Q

What is the euphotic layer?

A

the “true” layer of the ocean

few meters below surface, light CAN penetrate

81
Q

What is the aphotic layer?

A

second to bottom layer of the ocean

deeper layers of the ocean were light CANNOT penetrate

82
Q

What is the benthos?

A

bottom layer of the ocean

ocean floor and sediment below

83
Q

What are the 2 soil layers?

A

Top
Bottom

84
Q

What is unique about the top layer of soil?

A

aerobic layer

85
Q

What is unique about the bottom layer of soil?

A

anoxic layer

86
Q

Define bacteroid:

A

rhizobium sheds its cell wall when inside the root cells of leguminous plants

87
Q

Define reservoir:

A

part of the biosphere with significant amounts of an element
-C, N, S

88
Q

Define a sink:

A

part of a reservoir

where the element returns to

89
Q

Define a source:

A

part of a reservoir

for the element for organisms that use it

90
Q

Define biochemical O2 demand (BOD):

A

need for oxygen in an ecosystem

increases in a water body when waterbody gets eutrophied

91
Q

What type of water body has a high BOD?

A

eutrophic

92
Q

What type of water body has a low BOD?

A

oligotrophic

93
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of divergence from common ancestors?

A

Random mutation
Natural selection (gene gain)
Reductive evolution (unwanted traits lost)

94
Q

Which gene is most commonly used in phylogenetic trees? Why?

A

SSU rRNA

universal and sequence of nucleotides differs between species

95
Q

What are the 3 domains of life?

A

Archaea (prokaryote)
Bacteria (prokaryote)
Eukaryotes

96
Q

What’s the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes do not have a true nucleus, eukaryotes do have one

97
Q

What do all domains of life share?

A

DNA
Similar cell architecture (cytoplasm surrounded by cell membrane)
Central dogma

98
Q

Define the central dogma of microbiology:

A

genes –> transcription –> RNA –> translation –> proteins

99
Q

What types of metabolism are NOT present in eukaryotes?

A

N2 fixation
Lithotrophy
Methanogenesis

100
Q

What types of metabolism are common to ALL domains of life?

A

Respiration
Fermentation

101
Q

What type of metabolism are unique to archaea? Why?

A

Methanogenesis
–> archaea are strict anaerobes
–> CO2 needed for carbons
–> methanofuran needed as electron carrier
–> product id CH4 (methane, most reduced form of C)
–> occurs in anoxic environments (no oxygen)

102
Q

What is an example of an anoxic environment?

A

landfills. waste treatment plants, etc

103
Q

What domain of life has no known pathogens?

A

archaea

104
Q

What do bacteria and archaea have in common?

A

circular genome

no true nucleus and no nuclear membrane

105
Q

What passes in horizontal gene transfer?

A

a piece of DNA with 1 or more genes

106
Q

Between what does horizontal gene transfer occur?

A

unrelated species

107
Q

How does horizontal gene transfer occur?

A

with a plasmid (virus related)

conjugation –> transformation –> transduction

108
Q

Why does horizontal gene transfer occur?

A

increases chances of survival under the current conditions

meets conditional needs

109
Q

What passes in vertical gene trasnfer?

A

the full genome

110
Q

Between what does vertical gene trasnfer occur?

A

mother cell and an offspring

111
Q

How does vertical gene transfer occur?

A

1 - replicate DNA
2 - cell divides

112
Q

Where was the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria?

A

alpha-proteobacteria

113
Q

What genes are encoded on the mitochondria that are important for the survival of the host?

A

respiration

114
Q

Where was the endosymbiotic origin of the chloroplast?

A

cyanobacteria

115
Q

What genes are encoded on the chloroplast that are important for the survival of the host?

A

CO2 fixation (CO2 –> sugar)

photosynthesis

116
Q

What are some characteristics that diversify cyanobacteria?

A

photosynthesis is oxygenic

fixes CO2 via Calvin Cycle

carboxysomes

marine types can fix N2 using N2ase

heterocysts

117
Q

What are the three subclasses of bacterium?

A

cyanobacteria
gram positive
gram negative

118
Q

What are the two subclasses of gram positive bacteria?

A

firmicutes
actinobacteria

119
Q

What is an example of actinobacteria?

A

mycobacterium

120
Q

What are the two subclasses of firmicutes?

A

spore former
non-spore former

121
Q

What types of bacteria are spore formers?

A

bacillus
clostridium

122
Q

What types of bacteria are non-spore formers?

A

staphylococcus
streptococcus

123
Q

What is an example of gram negatives bacterium?

A

proteobacteria

124
Q

What are the 4 subclasses of proteobacteria?

A

alpha-proteobacteria
beta-proteobacteria
gamma -proteobacteria
delta-proteobacteria

125
Q

What types of bacteria are alpha-proteobacteria?

A

rhizobium

N2 fixation
legume plants

126
Q

What types of bacteria are beta-proteobacteria?

A

nitrosomonas

nitrification

127
Q

What types of bacteria are gamma-proteobacteria?

A

E-coli dentrification

128
Q

What types of bacteria are delta-proteobacteria?

A

Sulfate-reducing bacteria

129
Q

Where can methanogens be found?

A

termite gut

rumen

waste water treatment

130
Q

Where are halophilic archaea found? Why?

A

salted foods
solar salterns
hypersaltern lakes
NOT THE OCEAN/SEA

requires high concentration of salt

131
Q

What are 3 traits common to all filamentous funhi?

A

1 - have chitin in cell wall
2- absorptive nutrition
3- myceluin / hyphae

132
Q

What is a trait common in all unicellular fungi like yeast (non-filamentous)?

A

budding reproduction

133
Q

What are the 4 fungal phyla? What are examples of each?

A

chytridis myata –> anaerobic rumen fungi

zygo –> glomus endomyeo rrhizae

aseo –> morelol truffles

basidis –> mushrooms

134
Q

Define assimilation

A

inorganic elements become a form that we can assimilate

inorganic to organic

135
Q

Define dissimilation

A

organic forms of an element breaks down to inorganic forms of element

organic to inoganic

136
Q

What are some examples of assimilation?

A

CO2 fixation
photosynthesis
N2 fixation

137
Q

What are some examples of dissimulation?

A

respiration
fermentation

138
Q

At what trophic state does assimilation occur?

A

primary producers

139
Q

At what trophic state does dissimulation occur?

A

consumers and decomposers

140
Q

What organisms have a mutualistic relationship with lichens?

A

algae and/or cyanobacteria

bacteria

141
Q

What is the function of the mutualistic relationships with lichens and algae/cyanobacteria/fungi?

A

photosynthesis and CO2 fixation provides C to the partner (algae/cyanobacteria)

protect the system (fungi)

142
Q

What organisms have a mutualistic relationship with the termite gut microbes?

A

termite and other microbes in the gut

bacteria and methanogen

143
Q

What is the function of the mutualistic relationship between the termite gut and the termite+community in the gut?

A

provide wood (termite)

break down wood (community)

endosymiotic relationship

144
Q

What is the function of the mutualistic relationship between the termite gut and bacteria+methanogens?

A

break down wood into simple sugars + CO2 + H2 (bacteria)

help keep H2 concentration down (methanogens)

syntrophic relationship

145
Q

What organisms have a mutualistic relationship with mycorrhiza?

A

plant roots and fungi

146
Q

What is the function of the mutualistic relationship between mycorrhiza and plantroots+fungi?

A

photosynthesis and CO2 fixation provide C to fungus (plant roots) ECTOMYCORRHIZAE

absorb nutrient from meter away (fungi) ENDOSYMBIOSIS

penetrates inside root cells, endomycorrhizae (fungi) ZYGOMYCOTA

147
Q

What organisms have a mutualistic relationship with leguminous plants?

A

plant roots and rhizobium

148
Q

What is the function of the mutualistic relationship between leguminous plants and plant roots+rhizobium?

A

photosynthesis and CO2 fixation to provide fixed C to rhizobium (plant roots)

bacterois wall fixes N2 and creates Nh# (rhizobium)

endosymbiosis relationship

149
Q

What organisms have a mutualistic relationship with the rumen microbes?

A

cow + community in gut

bacteria/fungi + methanogen

150
Q

What is the function of the mutualistic relationship between the rumen microbes and the cow+community / bacteria+fungi+methanogen?

A

eat plants (cow)

digest plants (community

ABOVE ARE ENDOSYMBIOTIC

break down complex plant fibers (bacteria+fungi)

help keep H2 concentration down (methanogen)

ABOVE ARE SYNTROPHY

151
Q

What are the primary producers in the ocean?

A

algae and cyanobacteria

152
Q

What are the primary producers in the soil?

A

green plants

153
Q

What are the consumers in the ocean?

A

bacteria and archaea

154
Q

What are the consumers in the soil?

A

protists and fungi

155
Q

What are the decomposers of the ocean?

A

viruses

156
Q

What are the decomposers of the ocean?

A

viruses

157
Q

What are the decomposers of the soil?

A

bacteria and fungi

158
Q

In which stage of waste water treatment are microbes involved?

A

secondary treatment

159
Q

Which microbes are involved in wastewater treatment? What do they do?

A

aerobic heterotrophs –> aerobic respiration to convert the C load to an organic form like CO2

methanogens –> help keep the H2 concentration down

160
Q

How do we inoculate wastewater treatment bacteria and why?

A

pump O2 to keep aerobes happy

in the form of flocs

161
Q

Where is the LARGEST reservoir of carbon?

A

carbonate rock / earth crust

162
Q

Where is the FASTEST reservoir to recycle carbon?

A

atmosphere

163
Q

Where is the LARGEST reservoir for nitrogen?

A

atmosphere

164
Q

Eutrophic (true growth) water bodies have ____ carbon content and _____ biological O2 demand.

A

high, high

165
Q

Oligotrophic (few) water bodies have _____ carbon content and _____ biological O2 demand.

A

low, low

166
Q

What is the most negative oxidation state of carbon?

A

CH4

167
Q

What is the most negative oxidation state of nitrogen?

A

NH3

168
Q

What is the most negative oxidation state of sulfur?

A

H2S

169
Q

What is the most neutral oxidation state of carbon?

A

organic C like sugar

170
Q

What is the most neutral oxidation state of carbon?

A

N2

171
Q

What is the most neutral oxidation state of sulfur?

A

elemental S

172
Q

What is the most positive oxidation state of carbon?

A

CO2

173
Q

What is the most positive oxidation state of nitrogen?

A

NO3 (nitrate)

174
Q

What is the most positive oxidation state of sulfur?

A

SO4 (sulfate)

175
Q

Most negative oxidation state means what?

A

lots of electrons
most REDUCED
can only be OXIDIZED
can only DONATE electrons
can only be an electron DONOR

176
Q

Most positive oxidation state means what?

A

most OXIDIZED
can only be REDUCED
can only ACCEPT electrons
can only be an electron ACCEPTOR

177
Q

Which element has the MOST oxidized state?

A

nitrogen

MICR 2123 (6 decks)

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