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MICR 2123 > Final Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Microscopes increase ________ by increasing ________

A

resolution, magnification

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2
Q

What is the source of energy for light microscopy? Electron microscopy?

A

light
electron beams

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3
Q

What is the range of resolution for light microscopy? Electron microscopy?

A

micrometer (10^-6 m)
nanometer (10^-9 m)

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4
Q

What are the types of light microscopy? Electron microscopy?

A

bright
dark
phase contrast
fluorescence

SEM
TEM

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5
Q

TEM shows what details of the cell? What is the image in? What about SEM?

A

internal in 2D

external in 3D

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6
Q

Semi-permeable only to a few small molecules

A

Cell membrane

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7
Q

What is the Cell Membrane made of

A

phospholipid bilayer and proteins

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8
Q

What is the cell wall made of

A
  • peptidoglycan (PG), itself made of repeating disaccharide unit of NAM and NAG, and amino acids
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9
Q

The difference in PG of gram-positive and gram-negative (thick/thin) and effect on gram stain

A

gram-positive has a thick cell wall (10-13 strands) and retains crystal violet stain (purple)

gram-negative has a thin cell wall (3-5 with layers) and does not retain crystal violet stain (pink)

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10
Q

Which envelope appears as a triple layer in TEM pictures (G+ or G-)?

A

gram-negative

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11
Q

What are the growth phases

A
  1. lag - prepare for growth
  2. log - actual growth
  3. stationary - no growth, turns on stress response
  4. death - no nutrients start to die off
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12
Q

The fastest growth would occur under optimal conditions of temp, pH, aerobiosis, etc., when proteins are most functional. And the membranes are intact

A

Extremophiles

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13
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

nucleotides

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14
Q

What are nucleotides made up of

A

Protein, deoxyribose, N-base,

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15
Q

Leading strand

A

copied continuously

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16
Q

lagging strand

A

copied in fragments, Okazaki fragments

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17
Q

What are the enzymes in replication, know their functions

A

helicase
primase
DNA polymerase
ligase

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18
Q

What is transcription

A

making mRNA from DNA

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19
Q

Transcription and translation are ________

A

coupled

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20
Q

The molecules that carry the amino acids

A

tRNA

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21
Q

Free DNA uptake, requires recipient cells to be competent

A

transformation

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22
Q

plasmid DNA uptake, requires cell-to-cell contact. Donor has sex pili

A

conjugation

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23
Q

Bacteriophages carry DNA from one host to the next

A

transduction

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24
Q

Mutations: point vs. insertion/deletion mutation

A

point is one based is switched to another

inertion/deletion is when 1 or more nucleotides are added or removed

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25
Q

silent, missense, nonsense, frameshift. know the difference

A

silent -> no change in amino acid
missense –> changes to different amino acid
nonsense –> changes to a stop codon

frameshift –> changes to completely different amino acid sequences

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26
Q

Control of gene expression; DNA level

A

mutate gene -> most drastic least reversible

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27
Q

control of gene expression; Transcription level

A

activators/repressors, and also modify the activity and conc of sigma factors

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28
Q

control of gene expression; Post-transcription level

A

modify mRNA stability by Rnases

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29
Q

control of gene expression; Translation level

A

translation repressor proteins

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30
Q

control of gene expression; post-translation level

A

modify the protein after it if made by chemical modification or cleavage

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31
Q

break down of complex food molecules to smaller ones to make ATP.

A

catabolism

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32
Q

What will ATP be used for

A

building
anabolism or biosynthesis

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33
Q

the energy storage molecule in the cell

A

ATP

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34
Q

NADH or any electron carrier has ___ forms in the cell, an __________ form and a ________ form

A

2, oxidized, reduced

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35
Q

What does glucose break down to

A

pyruvate

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36
Q

What happens after glucose breaks down to pyruvate

A

NADH accumulates.
the cell has to recycle NADH back to NAD to be able to breakdown more glucose

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37
Q

What is the main goal of fermentation or respiration?

A

recycle NADH to NAD

38
Q

What is recycling done through?

A

fermentation or respiration

39
Q

Is more ATP produced during fermentation or respiration

A

respiration
in TCA cycle, and by ATP synthase after the completion of ETS

40
Q

is breakdown of food molecules in fermentation partial or complete?

A

partial

41
Q

is breakdown of food molecules in respiration partial or complete

A

complete

42
Q

What happens in fermentation

A

electrons and protons from NADH are dumped on pyruvate. Pyruvate will be reduced by those electrons to fermentation products and NADH will be recycle to NAD when it gets rid of its electrons and protons

43
Q

What happens in Respiration

A

steps in order, starting with pyruvate
1. PDC
2. TCA -> most NADH produced here
3. ETS -> here is where the NADH gets recycled

44
Q

What is the energy source for a chemotroph

A

chemical energy

45
Q

What is the energy source for a phototroph

A

light energy

46
Q

What is the electron source for a organotroph

A

organic
ex: NADH

47
Q

What is an electron source for lithotroph

A

inorganic
ex: H2, H2S, NH3
usually all autotrophs are also lithotrophs

48
Q

What is a carbon source for heterotroph

A

organic
ex: glucose

49
Q

What is a carbon source for an autotroph

A

inorganic
ex: CO2
all organisms that fix CO2 are autotrophs

50
Q

What are the functional components of any ETS in order

A
  • initial substrate oxidoreductase
  • mobile electron carrier
  • terminal oxidase
51
Q

The ETS is kick-started when the electron donor donates the ________ to the first component of the ETS

A

electrons

52
Q

If the donor is organic; NADH -> ______

A

respiration

53
Q

if the donor is inorganic; H2, H2S, NH3 -> ________

A

Lithotrophy

54
Q

The ETS ends by movement of electrons from the last component of the ETS to the __________ __________

A

terminal acceptor

55
Q

if the acceptor is O2 -> __________ ____ _________

A

process is aerobic

56
Q

If the acceptor is not O2; sulfate or nitrate -> ___________

A

anaerobic

57
Q

The type of the process is dictated by the nature of the ________ ________, while the _______ /___________ _____________ is decided by the electron acceptor used

A

electron donor, aerobic/anaerobic nature

58
Q

Where are the ETS components embedded

A

in a membrane

59
Q

What happens during the operation of ETS

A

the movement from electron from one component to the next leads to the generation of a pmf across the membrane

60
Q

What can pmf be used to do

A
  • import nutrients - symport
  • export toxins - antiport
  • rotate flagella
  • make ATP by ATP synthase
61
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation

A

If the ATP production occurred before the ETS, or does not need a functional ETS to occur

62
Q

What is Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

If ATP is made after the ETS and needs the ETS to function properly to occur

63
Q

Reactions or steps in which ATP is being produced

A

Phosphorylation

64
Q

What are the requirements for biosynthesis

A
  • essential elements. C, N, O, S, P
  • NADPH
  • ATP
65
Q

What are the biosynthetic processes

A
  • CO2 fixation
  • N2 fixation
66
Q

What is CO2 fixation

A

converting CO2 which is an inorganic form of C to an organic C intermediate

67
Q

What is the enzyme and cycle used in CO2 fixation

A

Calvin Cycle
Rubisco enzyme

68
Q

Who does CO2 fixation

A

Green plants and cyanobacteria

69
Q

Where does CO2 occur

A

carboxysomes

70
Q

What is N2 fixation

A

N2-> NH3
- converting N2 to NH3 which is the form of N that all cells can use

71
Q

What is the enzyme used in N2 fixation

A

nitrogenase

72
Q

Who does N2 fixation

A

Cyanobacteria and Rhizobium

73
Q

Where does N2 fixation occur

A

N2ase is highly O2 sensitive
- Heteroxysts protect the N2ase from O2
- Cyanobacteria carry out N2 fixation at night and photosynthesis in the morning.

74
Q

How does divergence occur between different clades over time?

A
  • random mutations
  • natural selection
  • reductive (degenerative) evolution
75
Q

What is the most widely used gene in constructing phylogenetic trees

A

the gene encoding the small subunit rRNA

76
Q

What are the three fundamental domains of life

A

bacteria
archaea
eukarya

77
Q

The intimate association of two unrelated species

A

symbiosis

78
Q

Mutualism

A

both partners benefit

79
Q

endosymbiosis

A

occurs when one partner grows within the body of another

80
Q

syntrophy

A

metabolic association where the presence of one partner is needed for the completion of the other’s metabolsim

81
Q

What are the two types of firmicute

A

spore formers and non-spore formers

82
Q

What are the two main types of gram-positive bacteria

A

firmicutes and actinobacteria

83
Q

Where do methanogens grow

A

anaerobic habitats

84
Q

What are common traits of most fungal cells

A
  • absorptive nutrition
  • hyphae
  • cell walls containing chitin
85
Q

process by which organisms acquire an element to build into cells from an inorganic source

A

assimilation

86
Q

process of breaking down organic nutrients to inorganic minerals

A

dissimilation

87
Q

Termites have __________ ________ and archaea in their gut that help them digest wood polysaccharides such as cellulose

A

endosymbiotic bacteria

88
Q

fungal mycelia associating with the roots of plants

A

Mycorrhizae

89
Q

What are the two kinds of Mycorrhizae

A

ectomycorrhizae
endomycorrhizae

90
Q

What do plants provide fungi with

A

energy-rich products of photosynthesis

91
Q

What does Rhizobia do when it enters plant cells

A

differentiates into bacteroid

MICR 2123 (6 decks)

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