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Developmental Psychology > Section 3: Observing Development > Flashcards

Section 3: Observing Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Culture is

A

material and symbolic tools that accumulate through time, are passed on through social processes, and provide resources for the developing child

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2
Q

All tools of culture include

A

the material and the symbolic aspect

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3
Q

Cultural tools help

A

organize children’s activities and the way they relate to their environments

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4
Q

Material tools are

A

term used to refer to tools when the focus is on physical objects or observable patterns of behavior

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5
Q

Observable patterns of behavior are

A

family routines and social practices

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6
Q

Symbolic tools are

A

a. Term used to refer to tools when the focus is on how abstract knowledge, beliefs, and values affect development
i. E.g. masculinity, sexuality, mathematics, religious beliefs

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7
Q

Children inherit culture through

A

social processes

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8
Q

Social enhancement is when

A

i. Children use cultural resources simply because the activities of others make these resources available in the immediate environment
ii. E.g. because Child A likes drawing there are many crayons lying around the house and Child B starts playing with crayons

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9
Q

Types of social processes are

A

Social enhancement
Imitation
Explicit Instruction

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10
Q

Imitation is when

A

Children learn by observing and copying the behaviors of others

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11
Q

Explicit instruction is when

A

i. When children are purposefully taught to use the material and symbolic resources of their culture

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12
Q

The only social process that uses symbolic communication is

A

explicit instruction

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13
Q

cultural change through variation is referred to as

A

Cumulative cultural evolution

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14
Q

Heredity is

A

a. The transmission of biological characteristics from one generation to the next
b. Makes evolution possible

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15
Q

Genes are

A

a. Basic units of heredity

b. Contain instructions that guide the formation of all the individual’s traits

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16
Q

The key question about genes is

A

how they are expressed

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17
Q

Genotype is

A

a. An individual’s exact genetic makeup

b. This information comes from studying an individual’s genetic material

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18
Q

Phenotype is

A

a. All the observable physical, behavioral, and psychological traits that the individual actually develops
b. This information comes from observing the individual’s body and behavior
c. Influenced by the individual’s genotype AND environment

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19
Q

Body contains __ chromosomes

A

46

20
Q

a chromosome is

A

a single molecule of DNA

21
Q

Germ cells are

A

sperm and ova

have 23 chromosomes

22
Q

The process of meiosis is

A

a. 46 chromosomes in a cell replicate
b. Chromosomes move to the center of the cell, where they separate into two identical sets, which migrate to opposite sides of the wall
c. Cell divides in middle to form two daughter cells
d. Cell divides AGAIN to form FOUR daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes

23
Q

Somatic cells are

A

body cells; all the other cells of the body

have 46 chromosomes

24
Q

New germ cells emerge through the process of

A

meiosis

25
Q

New somatic cells emerge through the process of

A

mitosis

26
Q

The process of mitosis is

A

a. 46 chromosomes in a cell replicate
b. Chromosomes move to the center of the cell, where they separate into two identical sets, which migrate to opposite sides of the wall
c. Cell divides in middle to form two daughter cells

27
Q

come from a single fertilized egg that divides and develops into two separate individuals

A

Monozygotic twins

28
Q

twins that come from two ova that have been fertilized at the same time

A

Dizygotic twins

29
Q

an allele is

A

the specific form of a gene

30
Q

homozygous is

A

when the corresponding genes inherited from the two parents are the same allele for a trait

31
Q

heterozygous is

A

when the corresponding genes inherited from the two parents are different alleles for a trait

32
Q

If a child is heterozygous for a trait, the possible outcomes are:

A
  1. Child may only display the characteristics associated with the dominant allele
  2. Child may be affected by both alleles and will display characteristics that are intermediate between those associated with the two alleles (e.g. skin color)
  3. Child may fully express the characteristics associated with each of the two alleles
33
Q

dominant allele is

A

allele whose characteristics are expressed

34
Q

recessive allele is

A

allele whose characteristics are not expressed

35
Q

PKU is

A

a. Recessive disorder
b. Inability to metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid, leads to its buildup in the bloodstream, retarding brain-cell development
c. Treatment by diet beginning in infancy and continuing throughout life

36
Q

Down syndrome is

A

a. Chromosomal disorder
b. Trisomy
i. In this instance, extra copy of chromosome 21
ii. Results in mental retardation, distinctive physical characteristics, and susceptibility to certain medical conditions
c. Treatment by special education

37
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome is

A

a. Disorder of the sex chromosomes
b. Extra X chromosome in males (XXY) results in incomplete development of sex organs and secondary sex characteristics
c. Treatment by testosterone replacement therapy at puberty

38
Q

the degree to which the development is open to influence by the environment, rather than determined by the genotype

A

phenotypic plasticity

39
Q

i. Idea that shape of the “landscape” for developmental possibilities in the result of a complex system of interactions between genes and the environment
ii. Gene-environment system of interaction changes over the course of a lifetime

A

Waddington’s Landscape

40
Q

Waddington’s landscape is

A

i. Idea that shape of the “landscape” for developmental possibilities in the result of a complex system of interactions between genes and the environment
ii. Gene-environment system of interaction changes over the course of a lifetime

41
Q

when a phenotypic trait seems unaltered by changes in the environment, or even by changes in the genotype

A

phenotypic canalization

42
Q

Niche construction is

A

how the behaviors, activities, and choices of individuals actively shape and modify the environments in which they live

43
Q

co-construction is

A

how environments are shaped and reshaped through interactions between developing individuals and their caregivers, siblings, neighbors, and playmates

44
Q

Ecological inheritance is

A

how niche construction can result in environmental modifications that affect the development of offspring and descendants

45
Q

The Baldwin effect is

A

Cultural factors may influence the likelihood that people with various mental and physical qualities will survive and reproduce

46
Q

Examples of coevolution of biology and culture are

A

sickle-cell anemia

lactose intolerance

Developmental Psychology (8 decks)

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