Section 3: Observing Development

Question 1

Culture is

Answer 1

material and symbolic tools that accumulate through time, are passed on through social processes, and provide resources for the developing child

Question 2

All tools of culture include

Answer 2

the material and the symbolic aspect

Question 3

Cultural tools help

Answer 3

organize children’s activities and the way they relate to their environments

Question 4

Material tools are

Answer 4

term used to refer to tools when the focus is on physical objects or observable patterns of behavior

Question 5

Observable patterns of behavior are

Answer 5

family routines and social practices

Question 6

Symbolic tools are

Answer 6

a. Term used to refer to tools when the focus is on how abstract knowledge, beliefs, and values affect development
i. E.g. masculinity, sexuality, mathematics, religious beliefs

Question 7

Children inherit culture through

Answer 7

social processes

Question 8

Social enhancement is when

Answer 8

i. Children use cultural resources simply because the activities of others make these resources available in the immediate environment
ii. E.g. because Child A likes drawing there are many crayons lying around the house and Child B starts playing with crayons

Question 9

Types of social processes are

Answer 9

Social enhancement
Imitation
Explicit Instruction

Question 10

Imitation is when

Answer 10

Children learn by observing and copying the behaviors of others

Question 11

Explicit instruction is when

Answer 11

i. When children are purposefully taught to use the material and symbolic resources of their culture

Question 12

The only social process that uses symbolic communication is

Answer 12

explicit instruction

Question 13

cultural change through variation is referred to as

Answer 13

Cumulative cultural evolution

Question 14

Heredity is

Answer 14

a. The transmission of biological characteristics from one generation to the next
b. Makes evolution possible

Question 15

Genes are

Answer 15

a. Basic units of heredity

b. Contain instructions that guide the formation of all the individual’s traits

Question 16

The key question about genes is

Answer 16

how they are expressed

Question 17

Genotype is

Answer 17

a. An individual’s exact genetic makeup

b. This information comes from studying an individual’s genetic material

Question 18

Phenotype is

Answer 18

a. All the observable physical, behavioral, and psychological traits that the individual actually develops
b. This information comes from observing the individual’s body and behavior
c. Influenced by the individual’s genotype AND environment

Question 19

Body contains __ chromosomes

Answer 19

46

Question 20

a chromosome is

Answer 20

a single molecule of DNA

Question 21

Germ cells are

Answer 21

sperm and ova

have 23 chromosomes

Question 22

The process of meiosis is

Answer 22

a. 46 chromosomes in a cell replicate
b. Chromosomes move to the center of the cell, where they separate into two identical sets, which migrate to opposite sides of the wall
c. Cell divides in middle to form two daughter cells
d. Cell divides AGAIN to form FOUR daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes

Question 23

Somatic cells are

Answer 23

body cells; all the other cells of the body

have 46 chromosomes

Question 24

New germ cells emerge through the process of

Answer 24

meiosis

Question 25

New somatic cells emerge through the process of

Answer 25

mitosis

Question 26

The process of mitosis is

Answer 26

a. 46 chromosomes in a cell replicate b. Chromosomes move to the center of the cell, where they separate into two identical sets, which migrate to opposite sides of the wall c. Cell divides in middle to form two daughter cells

Question 27

come from a single fertilized egg that divides and develops into two separate individuals

Answer 27

Monozygotic twins

Question 28

twins that come from two ova that have been fertilized at the same time

Answer 28

Dizygotic twins

Question 29

an allele is

Answer 29

the specific form of a gene

Question 30

homozygous is

Answer 30

when the corresponding genes inherited from the two parents are the same allele for a trait

Question 31

heterozygous is

Answer 31

when the corresponding genes inherited from the two parents are different alleles for a trait

Question 32

If a child is heterozygous for a trait, the possible outcomes are:

Answer 32

1. Child may only display the characteristics associated with the dominant allele 2. Child may be affected by both alleles and will display characteristics that are intermediate between those associated with the two alleles (e.g. skin color) 3. Child may fully express the characteristics associated with each of the two alleles

Question 33

dominant allele is

Answer 33

allele whose characteristics are expressed

Question 34

recessive allele is

Answer 34

allele whose characteristics are not expressed

Question 35

PKU is

Answer 35

a. Recessive disorder b. Inability to metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid, leads to its buildup in the bloodstream, retarding brain-cell development c. Treatment by diet beginning in infancy and continuing throughout life

Question 36

Down syndrome is

Answer 36

a. Chromosomal disorder b. Trisomy i. In this instance, extra copy of chromosome 21 ii. Results in mental retardation, distinctive physical characteristics, and susceptibility to certain medical conditions c. Treatment by special education

Question 37

Klinefelter's syndrome is

Answer 37

a. Disorder of the sex chromosomes b. Extra X chromosome in males (XXY) results in incomplete development of sex organs and secondary sex characteristics c. Treatment by testosterone replacement therapy at puberty

Question 38

the degree to which the development is open to influence by the environment, rather than determined by the genotype

Answer 38

phenotypic plasticity

Question 39

i. Idea that shape of the “landscape” for developmental possibilities in the result of a complex system of interactions between genes and the environment ii. Gene-environment system of interaction changes over the course of a lifetime

Answer 39

Waddington's Landscape

Question 40

Waddington's landscape is

Answer 40

i. Idea that shape of the “landscape” for developmental possibilities in the result of a complex system of interactions between genes and the environment ii. Gene-environment system of interaction changes over the course of a lifetime

Question 41

when a phenotypic trait seems unaltered by changes in the environment, or even by changes in the genotype

Answer 41

phenotypic canalization

Question 42

Niche construction is

Answer 42

how the behaviors, activities, and choices of individuals actively shape and modify the environments in which they live

Question 43

co-construction is

Answer 43

how environments are shaped and reshaped through interactions between developing individuals and their caregivers, siblings, neighbors, and playmates

Question 44

Ecological inheritance is

Answer 44

how niche construction can result in environmental modifications that affect the development of offspring and descendants

Question 45

The Baldwin effect is

Answer 45

Cultural factors may influence the likelihood that people with various mental and physical qualities will survive and reproduce

Question 46

Examples of coevolution of biology and culture are

Answer 46

sickle-cell anemia | lactose intolerance