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Mort 163 Embalming Anatomy and Pathology > Section 3 Neoplasms and Immune responses > Flashcards

Section 3 Neoplasms and Immune responses Flashcards

1
Q

Define Neoplasm

A

new growth, usually abnormal

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2
Q

Define Oncology

A

Study of tumors or new growth

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3
Q

Define oncogenes/carcinogens

A

cancer causing agents

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4
Q

True or false a carcinogen can be a gene or virus

A

True

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5
Q

What are the two ways of recognition for neoplasms?

A

Clinical (unaided observation)and Microscopic (biopsy)

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6
Q

What do you call a harmless neoplasm ?

A

Benign

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7
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of a benign neoplasm?

A

wont spread, wont reoccur after removal, cytology same as surrounding tissue, no direct affect on body, no destruction of tissue

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8
Q

______, to grow worse

A

Malignant

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9
Q

True or false malignant neoplasms are lethal unless treated

A

True ! cancer

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10
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of a benign neoplasm?

A

re-occurs when removed, no resemblance to surrounding cells, causes tissue damage, and has direct affect on the body

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11
Q

Carcinoma originates in _________ tissue

A

epithelial tissue

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12
Q

Sarcoma originates in ________ tissue

A

non-epithelial tissue

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13
Q

Define Metastasis

A

transfer of cells, they break off and move

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14
Q

Define hematogenous

A

originating in or carried by the blood.

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15
Q

Define teratoma

A

growth composed of different kinds of tissues that normally don’t grow together

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16
Q

How are malignant neoplasms transferd to other parts of the body ? (general)

A

Body fluids

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17
Q

Define Cachexia

A

weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness.

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18
Q

Define emaciation

A

abnormally thin or weak, especially because of illness or a lack of food.

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19
Q

Define Petechia

A

pin point hemorrhaging

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20
Q

Define purpura

A

small flat hemorrhage under the skin

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21
Q

What are three malignant postmortem effects ?

A

tissue degeneration, extra-vascular obstruction , and cachexia

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22
Q

Is Melanoma Benign or Malignant ?

A

Malignant

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23
Q

What does the suffix oma mean ?

A

morbid growth , or tumor.

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24
Q

Is glioma Benign or malignant ?

A

malignant

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25
Q

Benign and malignant for embryonic fibrous tissue

A

Myxoma and myxosarcoma

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26
Q

Benign and malignant for synovium

A

Synovioma and Synovial sarcoma

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27
Q

Benign and malignant for smooth muscle

A

Leiomyoma and leiomayosarcoma

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28
Q

Benign and malignant for embryonic fibrous tissue

A

Rhabdomyoma and Rhabdomysarcoma

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29
Q

How does gram staining help classify bacteria?

A

It shows different stains depending on the cell wall of the bacteria . It either does or doesn’t have Peptidoglycan

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30
Q

Gram positive bacteria stain ______ ____

A

violet blue

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31
Q

True or false gram negative stains blue

A

False. If its not blue its negative

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32
Q

Streptococcus Aureus is the main cause of skin infection and is caused by _____ ______

A

faculative anaerobe

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33
Q

Define Oncogenesis

A

the induction or formation of tumors

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34
Q

What are chemical carcinogens?

A

any substance or agents that increase the risk of cancer development in the body

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35
Q

True or false certain types of viruses can cause tumors to grow more rapidly

A

True

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36
Q

A ___ imbalance , gender based can cause cancer . What is an example ?

A

Hormone, Breast cancer can be caused by too much estrogen

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37
Q

What is Braca 1?

A

The gene found in women that can cause breast cancer

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38
Q

Define survival treatment

A

To heal and take care of, curative

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39
Q

Define Palliative treatment

A

ease or reduce pain, incurable

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40
Q

Define cure rate

A

percent of people who survive(no measurable symptoms) a disease such as cancer for a specified amount of time

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41
Q

True or false cure rate refers as to being cured of the disease

A

False , it refers to people who no longer have any measurable symptoms.

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42
Q

What are 6 signs of OBSERVABLE cancer

A 
Sore or lesion that wont heal
lump or thickening tissue
unusual bleeding from any orifice
change in wart or mole 
difficulty swallowing 
change in normal bowel movements
43
Q

Malignancies ______ long before ____

A

metastasize long before diagnosis

44
Q

True or false cancer is communicable (contagious)

A

False

45
Q

What is the first line of defense? (3)

A

Skin
Mucous membranes
secretions of skin and mucous membranes

46
Q

What is the second line of defense ? (3)

A

Phagocytic cells
Antimicrobial proteins
Inflammatory response

47
Q

What is the third line of defense ? (3)

A

Lymphocytes, Antibodies, and macrophages

48
Q

What line of defenses are “non-specific” ?

A

First and second line are considered non-specific

49
Q

What line of defenses are “non-specific” ?

A

First and second line are considered non-specific

50
Q

What line of defenses is considered “specific”

A

Third line of defense. Trained WBC for that particular invader

51
Q

True or false body defenses can be mechanical

A

True

52
Q

What are three examples of structural/mechanical defenses?

A

cranial vault
rib cage
pelvic girdle

53
Q

Skin is a barrier of what 3 types of invasion ?

A

physical, chemical, and microbial.

54
Q

cavity membranes , serous surround _____ _____

A

Vital organs

55
Q

These cavities are where? Peritoneum, Pericardium, pleurae, and meninges.

A

Peritoneum–> abdominal
Pericardium–>around heart
pleurae——–>around lungs
meninges—–>around brain and spinal cord

56
Q

What is the purpose for amniotic fluid?

A

keeps pressure constant around the fetus

57
Q

What is the purpose for amniotic fluid?

A

keeps pressure constant around the fetus

58
Q

What are 5 Physiological defenses?

A 
Reflexes(blinking, coughing, sneezing)
Ciliary action (respiratory tract)
Inflammation (protects tissue)
Metaplasia (conversion of normal to abnormal tissue)
Fever
59
Q

Define neutrophils

A

Circulating WBC essential for phagocytosis of bacteria

60
Q

What are Macrophages

A

any phagocytic cell in tissue

61
Q

Reticuloendothelial system

A

a phagocytic system that includes the phagocytes from the different parts of the body

62
Q

What do you call the macrophages in the liver?

A

Kupffer cells

63
Q

Explain Interferon

A

Production of certain proteins in non-infected cells given by infected cells to protect them from the original virus

64
Q

Bile is an example of a ____ defense of the body

A

chemical

65
Q

What is bile for ?

A

emulsifying fats

66
Q

True or false bile assists with peristalsis

A

True , any interference with bile will cause fat to show up in feces

67
Q

Explain antibodies

A

produced by lymphoid tissue to kill a particular invader , suuupppperrr specific

68
Q

Where can you find lymph vessels and what type of tissue are they made of?

A

Found in interstitial space, made of single squamous epithelial cells.

69
Q

Cisternia Chyli is the origin of the ____ ___

A

thoracic duct

70
Q

Where does the thoracic duct empty?

A

Left subclavian vein , at junction of Left jugular vein

71
Q

Where does the Right Lymphatic duct empty?

A

Right subclavian vein, near junction of right jugular vein

72
Q

Tonsils protect the body against_____

A

Infection

73
Q

What are the three pairs of tonsils and their location?

A

Pharyngeal- back of the nose
Palatine- back of the mouth
Lingual- back of the tongue

74
Q

Define Splenomegaly

A

abnormal enlargement of the spleen

75
Q

What is the difference between Hodgkins and non Hodgkins lymphoma?

A

If when examining the cells there is Reed-Sterberg cells (more than one nucleus lymphocyte)

76
Q

True or false Non-Hodgkins is most common , especially in men

A

True

77
Q

What are four Postmortem conditions that can affect embalmers with patients having a disease of the lymphatic system ?

A

Edema: reduce the amount of water in injection solution
Emaciation: may want to fill out feature with arterial injection solution
Dehydration: try not to over inject arterial solution
Metastasis of any growths: may require a multi-point injection technique

78
Q

Where is the site of invasion usually for Streptococcus Pyogenes

A

Pharynx , they’re faculative anaerobe

79
Q

Rheumatuc fever is also called

A

Mitral valve disease . The mitral valve is on the left side and is bicuspid

80
Q

Necrotizing fasciitis is also called

A

Flesh eating

81
Q

What are the 3 portals of entry for Streptococcus Pyogenes

A

Respiratory tract, genito-urinary, and open lesion on skin

82
Q

What are the 5 modes of transmission for Streptococcus Pyogenes

A

air droplets, personal contact, hemorrhage, exudation, and fomites

83
Q

What are 3 embalming concerns with a patient that had a disease from Streptococcus Pyogenes

A

rashes, leakage from open lesion, and edema from a kidney disease

84
Q

Benign and malignant for adipose tissue

A

Lipoma, liposarcoma

85
Q

Benign and malignant for adult fibrous tissue

A

fibroma, fibrosarcoma

86
Q

Benign and malignant for embryonic fibrous tissue

A

myxoma, myxosarcoma

87
Q

Benign and malignant for cartilage

A

chondroma, chondrosarcoma

88
Q

Benign and malignant for bone

A

osteoma, osteosarcoma

89
Q

Benign and malignant for synovium

A

synvioma, synovial sarcoma

90
Q

Benign and malignant for smooth muscle

A

leiomyoma , leiomyo sacroma

91
Q

Embrionic Tissue

A

Rhabdomyoma, rhabdomyosarcoma

92
Q

explain Naturally acquired active immunity

A

contact with pathogen causes body to create anti bodies

93
Q

explain Naturally acquired passive immunity

A

congenital immunity, passed from mother to infant

94
Q

explain Artificially acquired active immunity

A

body produces antibodies in the result of a vaccine

95
Q

explain artificially acquired passive immunity

A

person receives antibodies produced from another person

96
Q

What is the major difference between active and passive immunities?

A

During passive someone is giving the immunity to another person some how

97
Q

Define antigenicity

A

being able to produce an immune reaction

98
Q

Define antigens

A

Foreign chemicals , protien exotoxins that can cause the body to produce antibodies

99
Q

Define Haptens

A

combine with an antigen to activate B cells to come get them

100
Q

Define immunocompetent cells

A

cells that are cpable to respond to pathogens or tissue damage

101
Q

What are 2 examples of immunocompetent cells?

A

B cells and plasma cells

102
Q

B cells attack invaders _____ of the cells and T cells attack invaders _____ of the cells.

A

outside, inside

103
Q

Define Antibodies

A

agents in blood plasma that attach to anitbodies

104
Q

True or false antibodies cause antigens to clump together

A

True

Mort 163 Embalming Anatomy and Pathology (4 decks)

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