Section 3 Neoplasms and Immune responses Flashcards
1
Q
Define Neoplasm
A
new growth, usually abnormal
2
Q
Define Oncology
A
Study of tumors or new growth
3
Q
Define oncogenes/carcinogens
A
cancer causing agents
4
Q
True or false a carcinogen can be a gene or virus
A
True
5
Q
What are the two ways of recognition for neoplasms?
A
Clinical (unaided observation)and Microscopic (biopsy)
6
Q
What do you call a harmless neoplasm ?
A
Benign
7
Q
What are the 5 characteristics of a benign neoplasm?
A
wont spread, wont reoccur after removal, cytology same as surrounding tissue, no direct affect on body, no destruction of tissue
8
Q
______, to grow worse
A
Malignant
9
Q
True or false malignant neoplasms are lethal unless treated
A
True ! cancer
10
Q
What are the 4 characteristics of a benign neoplasm?
A
re-occurs when removed, no resemblance to surrounding cells, causes tissue damage, and has direct affect on the body
11
Q
Carcinoma originates in _________ tissue
A
epithelial tissue
12
Q
Sarcoma originates in ________ tissue
A
non-epithelial tissue
13
Q
Define Metastasis
A
transfer of cells, they break off and move
14
Q
Define hematogenous
A
originating in or carried by the blood.
15
Q
Define teratoma
A
growth composed of different kinds of tissues that normally don’t grow together
16
Q
How are malignant neoplasms transferd to other parts of the body ? (general)
A
Body fluids
17
Q
Define Cachexia
A
weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness.
18
Q
Define emaciation
A
abnormally thin or weak, especially because of illness or a lack of food.
19
Q
Define Petechia
A
pin point hemorrhaging
20
Q
Define purpura
A
small flat hemorrhage under the skin
21
Q
What are three malignant postmortem effects ?
A
tissue degeneration, extra-vascular obstruction , and cachexia
22
Q
Is Melanoma Benign or Malignant ?
A
Malignant
23
Q
What does the suffix oma mean ?
A
morbid growth , or tumor.
24
Q
Is glioma Benign or malignant ?
A
malignant
25
Benign and malignant for embryonic fibrous tissue
Myxoma and myxosarcoma
26
Benign and malignant for synovium
Synovioma and Synovial sarcoma
27
Benign and malignant for smooth muscle
Leiomyoma and leiomayosarcoma
28
Benign and malignant for embryonic fibrous tissue
Rhabdomyoma and Rhabdomysarcoma
29
How does gram staining help classify bacteria?
It shows different stains depending on the cell wall of the bacteria . It either does or doesn't have Peptidoglycan
30
Gram positive bacteria stain ______ ____
violet blue
31
True or false gram negative stains blue
False. If its not blue its negative
32
Streptococcus Aureus is the main cause of skin infection and is caused by _____ ______
faculative anaerobe
33
Define Oncogenesis
the induction or formation of tumors
34
What are chemical carcinogens?
any substance or agents that increase the risk of cancer development in the body
35
True or false certain types of viruses can cause tumors to grow more rapidly
True
36
A ___ imbalance , gender based can cause cancer . What is an example ?
Hormone, Breast cancer can be caused by too much estrogen
37
What is Braca 1?
The gene found in women that can cause breast cancer
38
Define survival treatment
To heal and take care of, curative
39
Define Palliative treatment
ease or reduce pain, incurable
40
Define cure rate
percent of people who survive(no measurable symptoms) a disease such as cancer for a specified amount of time
41
True or false cure rate refers as to being cured of the disease
False , it refers to people who no longer have any measurable symptoms.
42
What are 6 signs of OBSERVABLE cancer
```
Sore or lesion that wont heal
lump or thickening tissue
unusual bleeding from any orifice
change in wart or mole
difficulty swallowing
change in normal bowel movements
```
43
Malignancies ______ long before ____
metastasize long before diagnosis
44
True or false cancer is communicable (contagious)
False
45
What is the first line of defense? (3)
Skin
Mucous membranes
secretions of skin and mucous membranes
46
What is the second line of defense ? (3)
Phagocytic cells
Antimicrobial proteins
Inflammatory response
47
What is the third line of defense ? (3)
Lymphocytes, Antibodies, and macrophages
48
What line of defenses are "non-specific" ?
First and second line are considered non-specific
49
What line of defenses are "non-specific" ?
First and second line are considered non-specific
50
What line of defenses is considered "specific"
Third line of defense. Trained WBC for that particular invader
51
True or false body defenses can be mechanical
True
52
What are three examples of structural/mechanical defenses?
cranial vault
rib cage
pelvic girdle
53
Skin is a barrier of what 3 types of invasion ?
physical, chemical, and microbial.
54
cavity membranes , serous surround _____ _____
Vital organs
55
These cavities are where? Peritoneum, Pericardium, pleurae, and meninges.
Peritoneum--> abdominal
Pericardium-->around heart
pleurae-------->around lungs
meninges----->around brain and spinal cord
56
What is the purpose for amniotic fluid?
keeps pressure constant around the fetus
57
What is the purpose for amniotic fluid?
keeps pressure constant around the fetus
58
What are 5 Physiological defenses?
```
Reflexes(blinking, coughing, sneezing)
Ciliary action (respiratory tract)
Inflammation (protects tissue)
Metaplasia (conversion of normal to abnormal tissue)
Fever
```
59
Define neutrophils
Circulating WBC essential for phagocytosis of bacteria
60
What are Macrophages
any phagocytic cell in tissue
61
Reticuloendothelial system
a phagocytic system that includes the phagocytes from the different parts of the body
62
What do you call the macrophages in the liver?
Kupffer cells
63
Explain Interferon
Production of certain proteins in non-infected cells given by infected cells to protect them from the original virus
64
Bile is an example of a ____ defense of the body
chemical
65
What is bile for ?
emulsifying fats
66
True or false bile assists with peristalsis
True , any interference with bile will cause fat to show up in feces
67
Explain antibodies
produced by lymphoid tissue to kill a particular invader , suuupppperrr specific
68
Where can you find lymph vessels and what type of tissue are they made of?
Found in interstitial space, made of single squamous epithelial cells.
69
Cisternia Chyli is the origin of the ____ ___
thoracic duct
70
Where does the thoracic duct empty?
Left subclavian vein , at junction of Left jugular vein
71
Where does the Right Lymphatic duct empty?
Right subclavian vein, near junction of right jugular vein
72
Tonsils protect the body against_____
Infection
73
What are the three pairs of tonsils and their location?
Pharyngeal- back of the nose
Palatine- back of the mouth
Lingual- back of the tongue
74
Define Splenomegaly
abnormal enlargement of the spleen
75
What is the difference between Hodgkins and non Hodgkins lymphoma?
If when examining the cells there is Reed-Sterberg cells (more than one nucleus lymphocyte)
76
True or false Non-Hodgkins is most common , especially in men
True
77
What are four Postmortem conditions that can affect embalmers with patients having a disease of the lymphatic system ?
Edema: reduce the amount of water in injection solution
Emaciation: may want to fill out feature with arterial injection solution
Dehydration: try not to over inject arterial solution
Metastasis of any growths: may require a multi-point injection technique
78
Where is the site of invasion usually for Streptococcus Pyogenes
Pharynx , they're faculative anaerobe
79
Rheumatuc fever is also called
Mitral valve disease . The mitral valve is on the left side and is bicuspid
80
Necrotizing fasciitis is also called
Flesh eating
81
What are the 3 portals of entry for Streptococcus Pyogenes
Respiratory tract, genito-urinary, and open lesion on skin
82
What are the 5 modes of transmission for Streptococcus Pyogenes
air droplets, personal contact, hemorrhage, exudation, and fomites
83
What are 3 embalming concerns with a patient that had a disease from Streptococcus Pyogenes
rashes, leakage from open lesion, and edema from a kidney disease
84
Benign and malignant for adipose tissue
Lipoma, liposarcoma
85
Benign and malignant for adult fibrous tissue
fibroma, fibrosarcoma
86
Benign and malignant for embryonic fibrous tissue
myxoma, myxosarcoma
87
Benign and malignant for cartilage
chondroma, chondrosarcoma
88
Benign and malignant for bone
osteoma, osteosarcoma
89
Benign and malignant for synovium
synvioma, synovial sarcoma
90
Benign and malignant for smooth muscle
leiomyoma , leiomyo sacroma
91
Embrionic Tissue
Rhabdomyoma, rhabdomyosarcoma
92
explain Naturally acquired active immunity
contact with pathogen causes body to create anti bodies
93
explain Naturally acquired passive immunity
congenital immunity, passed from mother to infant
94
explain Artificially acquired active immunity
body produces antibodies in the result of a vaccine
95
explain artificially acquired passive immunity
person receives antibodies produced from another person
96
What is the major difference between active and passive immunities?
During passive someone is giving the immunity to another person some how
97
Define antigenicity
being able to produce an immune reaction
98
Define antigens
Foreign chemicals , protien exotoxins that can cause the body to produce antibodies
99
Define Haptens
combine with an antigen to activate B cells to come get them
100
Define immunocompetent cells
cells that are cpable to respond to pathogens or tissue damage
101
What are 2 examples of immunocompetent cells?
B cells and plasma cells
102
B cells attack invaders _____ of the cells and T cells attack invaders _____ of the cells.
outside, inside
103
Define Antibodies
agents in blood plasma that attach to anitbodies
104
True or false antibodies cause antigens to clump together
True
