Section 1 Anatomy Review Flashcards
1
Q
Define Anatomy
A
the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms. especially in dissection and separation of parts
2
Q
What are the two Divisions of Anatomy?
A
Gross and Microscopic
3
Q
Define Gross Anatomy
A
Anatomic study without any assistance (at macroscopic level)
4
Q
Define Microscopic Anatomy
A
Study of anatomy using optical instruments
5
Q
What is the Difference between Cytology and Histology.
A
Cytology is study of the cell and Histology is the study of tissue
6
Q
Define Surface Anatomy/ Topographical Anatomy (important for embalming/body prep )
A
The study of the arrangement of the surface of the body in relation to deeper/ underlying structures . I
7
Q
Define Linear Guide
A
An imaginary line between to set points
8
Q
Define Anatomical guide
A
The relationship of one anatomical structure to another . For embalming its usually the relationship of a vessel to another anatomical structure.
9
Q
Define Anatomical Limit/Extent
A
points of origin and termination in relation to adjacent structures used to designate boundaries of arteries.
10
Q
Define regional anatomy
A
The study of Anatomy based on regions
11
Q
Cephalic is relating to ________ and cranium is relating to _______
A
Cephalic to head
Cranium to skull
12
Q
Where does the face start and end?
A
forehead to chin
13
Q
What do the words Cervix, Nape, and nuchal refer to on the body?
A
Posterior portion of the neck
14
Q
How many vertebrae do the Cervical, thoracic , and lumbar region have ?
A
Cervical C1-C7 ,Thoracic T1-T12, and Lumbar L1-L5
15
Q
How many vertebrae do the sacrum and coccyx have?
A
Sacrum S1-S5 . The coccyx is the tailbone and has just 3 vertebrae .
16
Q
Acromial
A
point of the shoulder
17
Q
Deltoid
A
curve of the shoulder
18
Q
Brachial
A
upper arm
19
Q
olecranal
A
posterior side of elbow
20
Q
Antecubital fossa
A
anterior side of the elbow
21
Q
Antebrachial
A
forearm, cubital
22
Q
Carpal
A
wrist
23
Q
Manual (Manus)
A
Hand
24
Q
Thenar
A
Thumbs
25
Buttock
Gluteal
26
Coxal
hip
27
INGUINAL
GROIN
28
Femoral
Thigh
29
Genicular
anterior knee, patella
30
Popliteal
Posterior knee
31
Crural
shin , anterior of lower
32
Sural
Posterior of lower leg
33
Fibular
lateral portion of the lower leg
34
Tarsal/ malleolar
ankle
35
Ped
foot
36
calcaneal
heel
37
Define system
group of organs arranged for a specific function i.e. Respiratory system
38
Define systemic Anatomy
related to body organs or systems
39
Define Cells
Basic structural, functional and developmental unit of the body. smallest living unit in all living things
40
Define tissues
Group of cells and interstitial environment that make up all organs and their systems
41
What are the four basic/fundamental tissue types and their purpose
Epithelia , connective, muscle, and nervous
42
What is the purpose of Epithelial tissue ,What is an example
serves as covering or lining, simple squamous
43
What is the purpose of connective tissue,What is an example
serves for support or insulation, osteoclast or adipocyte
44
What is the purpose of muscular tissue,What is an example
movement, myocyte or cardiomyocyte
45
What is the purpose of nervous tissue,What is an example
signal transduction and cellular communication
46
Define secretion
Liquid that us separated from the original mixture, combined with another liquid and replaced into the body cells or organs
47
What are 5 examples of secretions?
Saliva, Mucus, Bile, Hormones, and tears
48
Define membrane
a pliable, sheet-like structure acting as a boundary, lining or partition in an organism
49
Define an organ
part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function EX. liver or heart
50
Define an organism
an individual animal, plant, or single celled life form
51
What is the organization of body systems starting with the atom? Hint: there's 9
Atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism
52
Define developmental biology
The study of the process by which organisms (plant and animal) develop
53
Define embryology
Study of the body development from fertilization until birth
54
True or false initially cells are not specialized, and over time become specialized
True
55
Define protoplasm
the colorless material that makes up the living part of a cell, including the cytoplasm, nucleus, and other organelles.
56
True or false cells sizes vary based on function
True
57
Water, acids, bases, and certain salts are examples of what is ______ in a cell
inorganic
58
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and ATP are all examples of what is _____ in a cell
Organic
59
True or false the cell membrane contains polarized lipids
True phospholipid layer
60
Define cytoplasm
all protoplasm except the nucleus(storage and working area)
61
What is the function of a Ribosome
produces proteins, enzymes, and compounds
62
What is the function of a Lysosome
Digestive sacs that employ phagocytic action
63
What contains cilia and are involved in cell division
centrosomes
64
what serves as the smooth and rough circulatory passageways for proteins ?
endoplasmic reticulum
65
What is the function of the Mitochondria?
produces ATP (energy source for chemical reactions within the cell )
66
What collects and stores proteins and lipids produced by the ER?
Golgi Apparatus
67
Define inclusions
non-living storage chambers/areas inside a cell .
68
What are three examples of inclusions andwhat they store inside the cell ?
Food vacuoles (raw materials), Air vacuoles (gasses), and pigment vacuoles (energy molecules)
69
Define Nucleoplasm
Karyoplasm(dense region ) within the nucleus
70
Define chromatin
material at cell division which aggregates to form chromosomes
71
Define chromosomes
Rod like structures that contain the genes and appear at the time of cell division
72
Physiology
the branch of study that deals with the normal functions of organisms
73
True or false carbon dioxide and oxygen pass through the membrane
true
74
what are the three ways of cellular movement? and how do they move?
Amoeboid(false foot protoplasm contracts and expands), Cilia(microscopic hair like structures, filaments), and Pili (bacteria have a hair like appendage )
75
Define concentration gradient
difference between the solute and solvent content at two points
76
Define solute
item being dissolved
77
Define solvent
Item doing the dissolving
78
Define diffusion
molecules moving form a greater to a lesser concentration (no energy from pressure)
79
Define osmosis
movement of a solvent(water) through a semipermeable membrane
80
Define filtration
Any mechanical, physical, or biological operation that separates solids from fluids, or liquids from gas
81
Define active transport
Movement of a substance across a gradient that requires energy (ATP)
82
`Define Pinocytosis
ingestion of a liquid by a cell
83
Define phagocytosis
cell engulfs a solid particle
84
Define cyclosis
flow of cytoplasm within a cell allowing distribution of material .
85
True or false Nutrients are assimilated via diffusion and osmosis
True
86
Elimination of waste through the cell membrane is
Excretion
87
Any response to stimuli or the environment is
Physical, chemical, and microbial
88
Division of nucleus
Karyokinesis
89
Division of cytoplasm
Cytokinesis
90
What are the 5 steps in mitosis ? Hint : I P mat
Pro, Meta, Ana, Telo, and interphase (resting phase)
91
One step -direct division ; nucleus dividing with cytoplasm
Amitosis
92
Type of division where the sex cells (gametes) are formed
Meiosis
93
Spermatozoa (_ or_)
| Oocytes (__ only )
Spermatozoa X or Y
| Oocytes X only
94
Anabolism ____ up
| Catabolism ___down
```
Ana builds
Cata breaks (produces heat and waste )
```
95
What two categories does metabolism have ?
anabolism and catabolism
96
What are the four basic/fundamental tissue types
Muscular
97
What are the three types of muscular tissue
striated/skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle
98
What type of muscle is the only VOLUNTARY kind?
skeletal muscle
99
Define Dendrites
neuron processes that convey incoming messages to the cell body
100
Define AXONS
convey outgoing messages away from the cell body
101
Define neuroglia
all supporting nerve tissue around the neuron
102
Where are four places you'll find epithelial tissue
skin that covers the body , cavities and passageways (mucous membranes), covering for internal and external vessel lining, and found on sense organs
103
True or false there are no direct blood vessels in epithelial tissue
True
104
Define Squamous epithelial and the difference between simple and stratified.
Squamous epithelial are scaled and plate like. Simple is one layer thick usually at the surface and stratified is more than one layer thick and is located in the epidermis of the skin
105
Define columnar cells
greater height than width and are rectangular simple does not have cilia
106
What is another name for stratified columnar cells that have cilia ?
Pseudo-stratified (fake feet)
107
Define cuboidal cells , where can they be found?
cube shaped cells that can be found in glands and organs
108
True or false cuboidal cells have transitional properties and can change shape to assist with specific functions of a location
True they can be found in renal pelvis, ureters, and urinary bladder
109
What are the 6 functions of cuboidal cells?
protection, support, secretion, absorption, lubrication, and sensation to penetrating nerves
110
What are the 6 functions of connective tissue?
separating, supporting, protecting, transporting, storing, cushioning, and insulating
111
Describe areolar tissue(fascia)
supports tissues around the organs, muscles, and vessels. Can be superficial or deep
112
Describe adipose tissue
modified areolar tissue with fat containing cells helps store fat and regulate body temp.
113
Define Algor mortis
Cooling of the body after death . If they person was plump theyll saty warm longer . If thin they cool faster
114
Describe Reticular tissue
areolar with fibers , thin cells wrapped around the fibers . mostly for frame work
115
Describe Fribrous tissue
areolar tissue with white tough fibers that are NOT elastic
116
True or false elastic tissue heals slowly
True !it has fewer nerves and blood supply
117
Ligament connects ____ to ____ at joints
Bone
118
Tendons connects ______to _____
muscle to bone
119
Where can dense elastic tissue be found ?
lungs, trachea , arteries, and larynx
120
What do you call the cells in cartilage? Do they have blood supply?
Chondrocytes, no direct blood supply
121
mesenchyme a rich source for ____ cells
stem cells
122
True or false bone is the hardest type of connective tissue
True
123
True or false blood is a type of connective tissue
True , specialized CT made of cells and fragments suspended in a liquid matrix
124
Blood is _ times thicker than water
5
125
What is considered normal PH for blood?
7.35-7.45
126
blood makes up _% of total body weight
8
127
Define plasma
pale yellow fluid hat makes up a little more than half of the bloods composition
128
True or false erythrocytes are 700 times more numerous than leukocytes
True
129
Define leukyocytes
cells involved with immunity
130
Neutrophils are macrophage and are prevalent in ___
pus
131
Basophils release Histamine which promote _____
inflammation. Also releases heparin(prevents clotting )
132
Eosinophils reduce ______-
inflammation
133
True or false serous membrane does not contain glands but secretes serous fluid
True
134
True or false mucous membranes lines the open cavities
True
135
What is the largest organ of the body ?
skin
136
Define pathology
Study of what is different or wrong with the body systems . Also study of disease and what they can cause
137
anatomical position Prone
body lying on its face palms facing down
138
anatomical position supine
body lying on its back , palms facing up
139
Cranial Vs Caudal
Cranial toward the head , Caudal toward the tail
140
Peripheral VS central
Peripheral outermost region, Central innermost region
141
Afferent VS efferent
afferent going into , efferent going out
142
Define bilateral symmetry
paired organs on both side of midsagital line (right and left side identical )
143
Define a Vertical/mid sagittal plane:
a line passing through the umbilicus starting from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis
144
True or false epithelial has no direct blood vessels but may posses nerve endings
True
145
Define squamous and the difference between simple and stratified
Scaled plate like flat cells.
