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Biology > Section 3: Chapter 6: Exchange > Flashcards

Section 3: Chapter 6: Exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

What 3 structures do fish have for gas exchange?

A
  • Gills.
  • Gill filaments.
  • Lamellae.
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2
Q

What does the countercurrent flow of gas exchange in fish mean?

A
  • Blood and water flow in opposite directions.

- Maintains steep diffusion gradient throughout fish.

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3
Q

Do fish have a small or large SA:Vol ratio?

A

Small.

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4
Q

What 3 ways can water move in and out of an insects tracheal system?

A

1) Down diffusion gradient.
2) Mass transport.
3) Volume changes in the tracheole ends (fill with water).

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5
Q

What are the 3 structures in an insects tracheal system?

A
  • Spiracles.
  • Trachea.
  • Tracheoles.
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6
Q

How does gas exchange occur by mass transport in insects?

A

Muscles contract, squeezing mass amounts of air in or out of the trachea.

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7
Q

Explain the role of water in the tracheoles of insects in their gas exchange.

A
  • Anaerobic respiration occurs in muscles surrounding tracheoles, causing lactate to be produced.
  • This lowers Ψ in the muscles so water leaves tracheole ends down conc. gradient via osmosis.
  • More volume in tracheoles for air, so more can move in and diffuse to cells.
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8
Q

In what ways is a plant adapted for gas exchange?

A
  • Exchange takes place in gas stage.
  • All cells close to oxygen and carbon dioxide supply.
  • Large SA:Vol of leaves.
  • Large SA of mesophyll cells.
  • Lots of air spaces throughout mesophyll layer.
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9
Q

What 4 structures to mammals have for gas exchange?

A
  • Trachea.
  • Bronchus.
  • Bronchioles.
  • Alveoli.
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10
Q

What is the role of cartilage in the trachea and bronchi?

A

Prevents them from collapsing / keeps them open.

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11
Q

What is a xerophyte?

A

Pants adapted to living in conditions with little water.

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12
Q

How are insects adapted to limit water loss? (3 points)

A
  • Waterproof coverings.
  • Small SA:Vol ratio.
  • Spiracles can close.
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13
Q

How are xerophytes adapted to limit water loss? (5 points)

A
  • Leaves can roll up - traps water vapour so no conc. gradient.
  • Thick waxy cuticle.
  • Hairy leaves - traps water vapour so no conc. gradient.
  • Small SA:Vol ratio.
  • Stomata in pits - traps water vapour.
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14
Q

What is the structure of the lungs?

A
  • Lobed.
  • Series of bronchioles with alveoli on the ends.
  • Protected by the rib cage.
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15
Q

What is the structure of the trachea?

A
  • Cartilage rings.

- Walls made up of muscle, epithelium and goblet cells.

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16
Q

What is the structure of bronchi?

A
  • Similar to trachea.
  • Mucus to trap dirt, cilia to bring mucus up to throat.
  • Small amount of cartilage rings.
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17
Q

What is the structure of bronchioles?

A
  • Walls lined with muscle and epithelial cells.

- Muscles = can constrict to control air flow in and out of alveoli.

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18
Q

What is the structure of alveoli?

A
  • Collagen and elastic fibres between bronchioles and alveoli.
  • Lined with epithelium.
  • Small and numerous amounts.
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19
Q

What is the function of ciliated epithelium?

A

Moves mucus towards throat to be swallowed.

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20
Q

What is the function of goblet cells?

A

Secrete mucus.

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21
Q

Describe inspiration. (5 points)

A

1) RICE.
2) Diaphragm contracts and flattens.
3) Thorax volume increases.
4) Pressure decreases.
5) Air forced in.

22
Q

What is the mnemonic for inspiration?

A

RICE.

23
Q

Describe expiration. (5 points)

A

1) ERIC.
2) Diaphragm relaxes and pushed up.
3) Thorax volume decreases.
4) Pressure increases.
5) Air forced out.

24
Q

What is the mnemonic for expiration?

A

ERIC.

25
Q

What is a spirometer?

A

Measures lung volume by a person breathing in and out of an airtight chamber.

26
Q

What is meant by vital capacity?

A

Maximum volume of air a person can inhale or exhale in a single breath.

27
Q

What is meant by tidal volume?

A

Volume of air we breath in and out at rest.

28
Q

What is meant by breathing rate?

A

The number of breaths in a minute. Measured with a spirometer.

29
Q

What is meant by residual volume?

A

Volume of air always present in lungs.

30
Q

What is meant by expiratory reserve volume?

A

Additional volume of air that can be exhaled on top of tidal volume.

31
Q

Name the 7 main parts of your digestive system.

A
  • Salivary glands.
  • Oesophagus.
  • Stomach.
  • Ileum.
  • Large intestine
  • Pancreas.
  • Rectum.
32
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus?

A

Carries food from mouth to stomach.

33
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A
  • Digest food.

- Produces enzymes to digest proteins.

34
Q

What is the function of the ileum?

A
  • Digest food.
  • Absorbing products into bloodstream.
  • Large SA because of folds (villi and microvilli).
35
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Absorbs water.

36
Q

What is the function of the rectum?

A

Stored faeces until removed from anus via digestion.

37
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands?

A

Secretes amylase (which hydrolyses starch into maltose).

38
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Secretes pancreatic juice (contains protease, lipase and amylase).

39
Q

What are the 3 main digestive enzymes and what do they hydrolyse?

A

1) Carbohydrase - carbohydrates –> monosaccharides.
2) Lipase - Lipids –> Glycerol + fatty acids.
3) Protease - proteins –> amino acids.

40
Q

Describe lipid digestion.

A

1) Emulsification - split into tiny micelle droplets by bile salts in the liver.
2) Lipase in the pancreas hydrolyses the ester bonds in triglycerides to form fatty acids and a monoglyceride.

41
Q

What is emulsification? Why is it important?

A
  • Breaking up lipids into small micelle droplets.

- Increases SA so lipase can work faster.

42
Q

What are the 3 proteins used in protein digestion?

A
  • Endopeptidase.
  • Exopeptidase.
  • Dipeptidease.
43
Q

What does endopeptidase do?

A

Hydrolyses peptide bonds between amino acid forming peptide molecules.

44
Q

What does exopeptidase do?

A

Hydrolyses the peptide bonds on the end of peptide molecules to release dipeptides and amino acids.

45
Q

What does dipeptidase do?

A
  • Hydrolyse bond between dipeptides (2 amino acids).

- Part of the epithelial cells on ileum lining.

46
Q

Describe starch / maltose digestion.

A

1) Saliva from salivary gland mixes with food.
2) Salivary amylase - hydrolyses glycosidic bonds - starch –> maltose. Also contains salts to keep pH neutral.
3) Food enters acidic stomach - amylase denatures.
4) Food enters small intestine - mixes with pancreatic juice.
5) Pancreatic amylase - remaining starch –> maltose. Also contains alkaline salts.
6) Food enters ileum - membrane-bound maltase hydrolyses the maltose into a-glucose.

47
Q

Describe sucrose digestion.

A

Sucrase hydrolyses glycosidic bond –> glucose + fructose.

48
Q

Describe lactose digestion.

A

Lactase hydrolyses glycosidic bond –> glucose + galactose.

49
Q

How do villi increase absorption in the ileum?

A
  • Increase SA for diffusion.
  • Thin walls - decrease diffusion distance.
  • muscles - can move to maintain diffusion gradient.
  • Well supplied with blood vessels - carry away absorbed mols - maintaining diffusion gradient.
  • Microvilli - increase SA.
50
Q

What process’ absorbs amino acids and monosaccharides?

A

Diffusion and co-transport.

51
Q

How are triglycerides absorbed?

A
  • Micelles break down when come into contact with epithelial cells lining ileum.
  • Micelle releases monoglycerides and fatty acids that can easily diffuse into epithelial cells.
  • Taken to endoplasmic reticulum and turned back to triglycerides.
  • Taken to golgi apparatus, bind with cholesterol and lipoproteins to form chylomicrons.
  • Chylomicrons leave epithelial cells by exocytosis into lacteals (capillaries in villus).
  • Chylomicrons hydrolysed by enzyme in endothelial cells so triglycerides can leave and diffuse into cells.

Biology (11 decks)

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