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Biology > Section 2: Chapter 3: Cell Structure > Flashcards

Section 2: Chapter 3: Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

I=AM
so
Magnification = image ÷ actual

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2
Q

What is resolution in microscopy?

A

Minimum distance apart 2 objects have to be to appear separate.

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3
Q

What is the resolution of a light microscope?

A

0.2μm

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4
Q

What is the symbol for a micrometer?

A

μm.

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5
Q

What does ‘μm’ symbolise?

A

Micrometer.

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6
Q

What solution is cell tissue placed in before cell fractionation?

A

Cold, buffered, isotonic solution.

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7
Q

Why does cell tissue have to be in a cold, buffered, isotonic solution before cell fractionation?

A
  • Cold - reduce enzyme activity.
  • Isotonic - no shrinking or bursting.
  • Buffered - no pH changes.
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8
Q

What are the 2 stages of cell fractionation?

A

1) Homogenation.

2) Ultracentrifugation.

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9
Q

Explain cell fractionation (2 stages.)

A

1) Homogenation - cell broken up in homogeniser - homogenate left and filtered to remove large pieces.
2) Ultracentrifugation - homogenate spune in centrifuge - heaviest organelles fall to bottom first.
- Nuclei, mitochondria etc.

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10
Q

What is the first organelle to fall to the bottom of a centrifuge?

A

Nuclei.

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11
Q

Which type of microscope has the best resolution?

A

Electron.

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12
Q

What are the 2 main advantages of using an electron microscope instead of light?

A
  • Shorter wavelength = higher resolution.

- Can use electromagnets.

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13
Q

How do transmission electron microscopes work?

A
  • Electrons beam through specimen.

- Some electrons are absorbed so appear dark, others pass through so are bright.

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of electron microscopes?

A

Transmission and scanning.

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15
Q

What are 3 limitations of a transmission electron microscope?

A
  • In vacuum - specimen has to be dead.
  • Black and white image.
  • Thin specimen.
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16
Q

How do scanning electron microscopes work?

A

Electrons pass back and forth across specimen (not through it).

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17
Q

What are 2 limitations and 2 positives of scanning electron microscopes?

A
  • Dead specimen.
  • Lower resolution than TEM.
    BUT…
  • 3D.
  • Thicker specimens.
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18
Q

What can you use in a light microscope to measure the size of an object?

A

Eyepiece graticule.

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19
Q

What can you use to calibrate an eyepiece graticule?

A

Stage micrometer.

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20
Q

Name 11 organelles present in eukaryotic cells.

A
  • Cell surface membrane.
  • Nucleus.
  • Mitrocondria.
  • Chloroplast.
  • Golgi apparatus.
  • Lysosomes.
  • Ribosomes.
  • RER.
  • SER.
  • Cell wall.
  • Cell vacuole.
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21
Q

What is the structure and function of the cell-surface membrane in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Phospholipid bilayer with proteins and cholesterol embedded.
  • Glycolipids and glycoproteins in surface.
  • Fluid mosaic model.
  • Cholesterol - strength.
  • Proteins - transport.
  • Glycop+l - cell recognition.
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22
Q

What is the structure and function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Double membrane nuclear envelope.
  • Nuclear pores.
  • Nucleoplasm.
  • Chromosomes (protein-bound, linear DNA)
  • At least one nucleolus.
  • rRNA.
  • Ribosome production.
  • DNA replication and transcription.
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23
Q

What is the structure and function of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Double membrane.
  • Cristae - extensions of inner membrane/ folds.
  • Fluid matrix.
  • Aerobic respiration.
  • ATP production.
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24
Q

What is the structure and function of the chloroplast in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Double membrane.
  • Thylakoids/ grana.
  • Chlorophyll.
  • Stroma.
  • Photosynthesis.
  • Stroma contains enzymes.
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25
Q

What is the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Cisternae - sacks of membranes.
  • Small round hollow vesicles.
  • Form lysosomes.
  • Modifies proteins and lipids.
  • Eg/ carbs + proteins = glycoproteins.
  • Transported to Golgi vesicles when finished.
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26
Q

What is the structure and function of lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • formed when Golgi apparatus contains certain enzymes.
  • Contains enzyme lysozyme.
  • Hydrolyse materials in phagocytosis.
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27
Q

What is the structure and function of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Protein and rRNA.
  • 80s in size.
  • Protein synthesis site.
28
Q

What is the structure and function of the RER and SER in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Membrane sheets.
  • Network of tubules and cisternae (flattened sacs).
  • RER has ribosomes on surface.
  • RER - protein synthesis site. Proteins transported through RER.
  • SER - create, store and transport lipids and carbs.
29
Q

What are cisternae?

A

Flattened sacs of membrane.

30
Q

What is the structure and function of the cell wall in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • In plants, algae and fungi.
  • Cellulose in plants.
  • Chitin in fungi.
  • Structural strength.
  • Prevents cells bursting.
31
Q

What is the cell wall of plants made up of?

A

Cellulose.

32
Q

What is the cell wall of fungi made up of?

A

Chitin.

33
Q

What organism has a cell wall made up of cellulose?

A

Plants.

34
Q

What organism has a cell wall made up of chitin?

A

Fungi.

35
Q

What is the structure and function of the vacuole in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • In plants only.
  • Single membrane sac.
  • Contains salts, sugars and amino acids.
  • Membrane called tonoplast.
  • Supports cells.
  • Stores aminos acids and sugars.
  • Can contain pigment to attract pollinators.
36
Q

What is a tonoplast?

A

Membrane surrounding the vacuole.

37
Q

What is the name for a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function?

A

Tissue.

Eg/ epithelial and xylem tissue.

38
Q

What are epithelial tissues?

A
  • Found in animals.
  • Line surfaces of organs.
  • Protective or secretory function.
  • Eg/ ciliated epithelium in trachea - used to move mucus.
39
Q

What is the term for a group of tissues performing a variety of functions?

A

Organ.

Eg/ stomach and leaves.

40
Q

The stomach is an organ. What tissues is it made up of?

A
  • Muscle - churn contents.
  • Epithelium - protection and secretion.
  • Connective tissue - hold together other tissues.
41
Q

A leaf is an organ. What tissues is it made up of?

A
  • Palisade mesophyll - photosynthesis.
  • Spongy mesophyll - gas diffusion.
  • Epidermis - gas diffusion and protection.
  • Phloem.
  • Xylem.
42
Q

What is a group of organs called?

A

Organ system.

Eg/ digestive, respiratory and circulatory system.

43
Q

What are 8 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A 
Eukaryotic:
- Nucleus and nuclear envelope.
- DNA associated with proteins and histones.
- No plasmids - inear DNA.
- Membrane bound organelles present eg/ mitochondria.
- Chloroplasts.
- Larger ribosomes - 80S.
- Cell wall made of cellulose to chitin.
- No capsule.
Prokaryotic:
- No.
- No.
- Circular DNA - plasmids.
- No.
- No.
- Smaller ribosomes - 70S.
- Cell wall made of murrain.
- Capsule.
44
Q

Is bacteria eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic.

45
Q

What is the cell wall of prokaryotic cells made up of?

A

Murein (and some bacteria have a capsule too).

46
Q

What organism has a cell wall made up of murein?

A

Prokaryotic / bacterial cells.

47
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

Circular pieces of DNA found in prokaryotic cells.

48
Q

What are 8 key structural features of a generalised bacterial cell?

A
  • Flagellum.
  • Genetic material.
  • Cytoplasm.
  • Ribosomes - 70S.
  • Capsule (no always present).
  • Cell wall - murein.
  • Cell-surface membrane.
  • Plasmid.
49
Q

What are 6 key structural features of the HIV virus?

A
  • RNA.
  • Reverse transcriptase enzyme.
  • Attachment proteins.
  • Capsid.
  • Lipid envelope.
  • Matrix.
    https: //www.researchgate.net/figure/Human-Immunodeficiency-Virus-Structure-of-HIV_fig3_44227364
50
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase.
Metaphase.
Anaphase.
Telophase.

51
Q

What is the product of mitosis?

A

2 diploid, identical daughter cells.

52
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase.
Nuclear division (mitosis or meiosis.
Cytokinesis.

53
Q

What is the longest stage of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase.

54
Q

What is the product of meiosis?

A

4 haploid genetically different daughter cells.

55
Q

What happens during prophase (mitosis)?

A
  • Chromosomes condense and become visible.
  • Centrioles separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.
  • Nucleolus disappears.
56
Q

What happens during metaphase (mitosis)?

A
  • Chromosomes line up along metaphase plate.

- Spindle fibres attach to centromere and chromatid.

57
Q

What happens during anaphase (mitosis)?

A
  • Spindle fibres pull chromatid to opposite poles.

- Uses ATP energy from mitochondria.

58
Q

What happens during telophase (mitosis)?

A
  • Nucleus reforms.

- Chromosomes unwind into chromatin.

59
Q

What happens during cytokinesis (mitosis)?

A

Cytoplasm divides

60
Q

Briefly describe binary fission.

A
  • Circular DNA replicates and attaches to membrane.
  • Plasmids replicate.
  • Membrane grows between DNA molecules and divides cytoplasm in two.
  • 2 identical daughter cells form - each with a single copy of circular DNA and number of plasmids
61
Q

What type of cell division takes place in prokaryotic cells?

A

Binary fission.

62
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A
  • Attach to host cell using their attachment proteins.
  • Inject their nucleic acid into host cell.
  • Host cell can then use it’s metabolic processes to produce viral components.
63
Q

How long does it take a mammalian cell to complete a cell cycle?

A

24 hours.

64
Q

How much of a mammalians cell cycle is interphase?

A

90%.

65
Q

How does chemotherapy disrupt the cell cycle?

A
  • Preventing DNA from replicating.

- Inhibiting metaphase by interfering with spindle formation.

66
Q

What is chromatin?

A
  • Material that makes up chromosomes.

- DNA and histone.

Biology (11 decks)

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