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Biology > Section 2: Chapter 3: Cell Structure > Flashcards

Section 2: Chapter 3: Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

I=AM
so
Magnification = image ÷ actual

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2
Q

What is resolution in microscopy?

A

Minimum distance apart 2 objects have to be to appear separate.

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3
Q

What is the resolution of a light microscope?

A

0.2μm

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4
Q

What is the symbol for a micrometer?

A

μm.

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5
Q

What does ‘μm’ symbolise?

A

Micrometer.

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6
Q

What solution is cell tissue placed in before cell fractionation?

A

Cold, buffered, isotonic solution.

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7
Q

Why does cell tissue have to be in a cold, buffered, isotonic solution before cell fractionation?

A
  • Cold - reduce enzyme activity.
  • Isotonic - no shrinking or bursting.
  • Buffered - no pH changes.
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8
Q

What are the 2 stages of cell fractionation?

A

1) Homogenation.

2) Ultracentrifugation.

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9
Q

Explain cell fractionation (2 stages.)

A

1) Homogenation - cell broken up in homogeniser - homogenate left and filtered to remove large pieces.
2) Ultracentrifugation - homogenate spune in centrifuge - heaviest organelles fall to bottom first.
- Nuclei, mitochondria etc.

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10
Q

What is the first organelle to fall to the bottom of a centrifuge?

A

Nuclei.

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11
Q

Which type of microscope has the best resolution?

A

Electron.

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12
Q

What are the 2 main advantages of using an electron microscope instead of light?

A
  • Shorter wavelength = higher resolution.

- Can use electromagnets.

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13
Q

How do transmission electron microscopes work?

A
  • Electrons beam through specimen.

- Some electrons are absorbed so appear dark, others pass through so are bright.

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of electron microscopes?

A

Transmission and scanning.

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15
Q

What are 3 limitations of a transmission electron microscope?

A
  • In vacuum - specimen has to be dead.
  • Black and white image.
  • Thin specimen.
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16
Q

How do scanning electron microscopes work?

A

Electrons pass back and forth across specimen (not through it).

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17
Q

What are 2 limitations and 2 positives of scanning electron microscopes?

A
  • Dead specimen.
  • Lower resolution than TEM.
    BUT…
  • 3D.
  • Thicker specimens.
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18
Q

What can you use in a light microscope to measure the size of an object?

A

Eyepiece graticule.

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19
Q

What can you use to calibrate an eyepiece graticule?

A

Stage micrometer.

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20
Q

Name 11 organelles present in eukaryotic cells.

A
  • Cell surface membrane.
  • Nucleus.
  • Mitrocondria.
  • Chloroplast.
  • Golgi apparatus.
  • Lysosomes.
  • Ribosomes.
  • RER.
  • SER.
  • Cell wall.
  • Cell vacuole.
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21
Q

What is the structure and function of the cell-surface membrane in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Phospholipid bilayer with proteins and cholesterol embedded.
  • Glycolipids and glycoproteins in surface.
  • Fluid mosaic model.
  • Cholesterol - strength.
  • Proteins - transport.
  • Glycop+l - cell recognition.
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22
Q

What is the structure and function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Double membrane nuclear envelope.
  • Nuclear pores.
  • Nucleoplasm.
  • Chromosomes (protein-bound, linear DNA)
  • At least one nucleolus.
  • rRNA.
  • Ribosome production.
  • DNA replication and transcription.
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23
Q

What is the structure and function of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Double membrane.
  • Cristae - extensions of inner membrane/ folds.
  • Fluid matrix.
  • Aerobic respiration.
  • ATP production.
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24
Q

What is the structure and function of the chloroplast in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Double membrane.
  • Thylakoids/ grana.
  • Chlorophyll.
  • Stroma.
  • Photosynthesis.
  • Stroma contains enzymes.
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25
What is the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?
- Cisternae - sacks of membranes. - Small round hollow vesicles. - Form lysosomes. - Modifies proteins and lipids. - Eg/ carbs + proteins = glycoproteins. - Transported to Golgi vesicles when finished.
26
What is the structure and function of lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?
- formed when Golgi apparatus contains certain enzymes. - Contains enzyme lysozyme. - Hydrolyse materials in phagocytosis.
27
What is the structure and function of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?
- Protein and rRNA. - 80s in size. - Protein synthesis site.
28
What is the structure and function of the RER and SER in eukaryotic cells?
- Membrane sheets. - Network of tubules and cisternae (flattened sacs). - RER has ribosomes on surface. - RER - protein synthesis site. Proteins transported through RER. - SER - create, store and transport lipids and carbs.
29
What are cisternae?
Flattened sacs of membrane.
30
What is the structure and function of the cell wall in eukaryotic cells?
- In plants, algae and fungi. - Cellulose in plants. - Chitin in fungi. - Structural strength. - Prevents cells bursting.
31
What is the cell wall of plants made up of?
Cellulose.
32
What is the cell wall of fungi made up of?
Chitin.
33
What organism has a cell wall made up of cellulose?
Plants.
34
What organism has a cell wall made up of chitin?
Fungi.
35
What is the structure and function of the vacuole in eukaryotic cells?
- In plants only. - Single membrane sac. - Contains salts, sugars and amino acids. - Membrane called tonoplast. - Supports cells. - Stores aminos acids and sugars. - Can contain pigment to attract pollinators.
36
What is a tonoplast?
Membrane surrounding the vacuole.
37
What is the name for a collection of similar cells that perform a specific function?
Tissue. | Eg/ epithelial and xylem tissue.
38
What are epithelial tissues?
- Found in animals. - Line surfaces of organs. - Protective or secretory function. - Eg/ ciliated epithelium in trachea - used to move mucus.
39
What is the term for a group of tissues performing a variety of functions?
Organ. | Eg/ stomach and leaves.
40
The stomach is an organ. What tissues is it made up of?
- Muscle - churn contents. - Epithelium - protection and secretion. - Connective tissue - hold together other tissues.
41
A leaf is an organ. What tissues is it made up of?
- Palisade mesophyll - photosynthesis. - Spongy mesophyll - gas diffusion. - Epidermis - gas diffusion and protection. - Phloem. - Xylem.
42
What is a group of organs called?
Organ system. | Eg/ digestive, respiratory and circulatory system.
43
What are 8 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
``` Eukaryotic: - Nucleus and nuclear envelope. - DNA associated with proteins and histones. - No plasmids - inear DNA. - Membrane bound organelles present eg/ mitochondria. - Chloroplasts. - Larger ribosomes - 80S. - Cell wall made of cellulose to chitin. - No capsule. Prokaryotic: - No. - No. - Circular DNA - plasmids. - No. - No. - Smaller ribosomes - 70S. - Cell wall made of murrain. - Capsule. ```
44
Is bacteria eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Prokaryotic.
45
What is the cell wall of prokaryotic cells made up of?
Murein (and some bacteria have a capsule too).
46
What organism has a cell wall made up of murein?
Prokaryotic / bacterial cells.
47
What is a plasmid?
Circular pieces of DNA found in prokaryotic cells.
48
What are 8 key structural features of a generalised bacterial cell?
- Flagellum. - Genetic material. - Cytoplasm. - Ribosomes - 70S. - Capsule (no always present). - Cell wall - murein. - Cell-surface membrane. - Plasmid.
49
What are 6 key structural features of the HIV virus?
- RNA. - Reverse transcriptase enzyme. - Attachment proteins. - Capsid. - Lipid envelope. - Matrix. https: //www.researchgate.net/figure/Human-Immunodeficiency-Virus-Structure-of-HIV_fig3_44227364
50
What are the 4 stages of mitosis?
Prophase. Metaphase. Anaphase. Telophase.
51
What is the product of mitosis?
2 diploid, identical daughter cells.
52
What are the 3 stages of the cell cycle?
Interphase. Nuclear division (mitosis or meiosis. Cytokinesis.
53
What is the longest stage of the cell cycle?
Interphase.
54
What is the product of meiosis?
4 haploid genetically different daughter cells.
55
What happens during prophase (mitosis)?
- Chromosomes condense and become visible. - Centrioles separate and move to opposite poles of the cell. - Nucleolus disappears.
56
What happens during metaphase (mitosis)?
- Chromosomes line up along metaphase plate. | - Spindle fibres attach to centromere and chromatid.
57
What happens during anaphase (mitosis)?
- Spindle fibres pull chromatid to opposite poles. | - Uses ATP energy from mitochondria.
58
What happens during telophase (mitosis)?
- Nucleus reforms. | - Chromosomes unwind into chromatin.
59
What happens during cytokinesis (mitosis)?
Cytoplasm divides
60
Briefly describe binary fission.
- Circular DNA replicates and attaches to membrane. - Plasmids replicate. - Membrane grows between DNA molecules and divides cytoplasm in two. - 2 identical daughter cells form - each with a single copy of circular DNA and number of plasmids
61
What type of cell division takes place in prokaryotic cells?
Binary fission.
62
How do viruses replicate?
- Attach to host cell using their attachment proteins. - Inject their nucleic acid into host cell. - Host cell can then use it's metabolic processes to produce viral components.
63
How long does it take a mammalian cell to complete a cell cycle?
24 hours.
64
How much of a mammalians cell cycle is interphase?
90%.
65
How does chemotherapy disrupt the cell cycle?
- Preventing DNA from replicating. | - Inhibiting metaphase by interfering with spindle formation.
66
What is chromatin?
- Material that makes up chromosomes. | - DNA and histone.

Biology (11 decks)

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