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Biology > Section 1: Chapter 1: Biological molecules > Flashcards

Section 1: Chapter 1: Biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

Atoms sharing electrons in their outer shells to make a more stable compound.

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2
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

Ions with opposite charges attract each other.

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3
Q

What is hydrogen bonding?

A

Polar molecules attract each other. Individually weak but collectively strong.

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4
Q

What is a polar molecule?

A

Molecule with an uneven distribution of charge.

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5
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Breaking down of polymers by adding water.

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6
Q

Are monosaccharides soluble or insoluble?

A

Soluble.

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7
Q

What is the test for a reducing sugar?

A
  • Add benedicts.
  • Heat.
  • Orange-brown = reducing sugar present.
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8
Q

What molecules join to make maltose?

A

Glucose + glucose.

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9
Q

What molecules join to make sucrose?

A

Glucose + fructose.

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10
Q

What molecules join to make lactose?

A

Glucose + galactose.

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11
Q

What bond is formed between monosaccharides?

A

Glycosidic bond.

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12
Q

What reaction takes place when monosaccharides join?

A

Condensation reaction.

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13
Q

What is the test for non-reducing sugars?

A
  • Add benedicts.
  • Heat.
  • Add hydrochloric acid.
  • Add sodium hydrocarbonate.
  • Add benedicts.
  • Heat.
  • Orange-brown = non-reducing sugar.
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14
Q

Why is hydrochloric acid and sodium hydrocarbonate needed to test for a non-reducing sugar?

A
  • Hydrochloric acid - to hydrolyse disaccharides → monosaccharides.
  • Sodium hydrocarbonate - neutralise the HCL.
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15
Q

Are polysaccharides soluble or insoluble?

A

Insoluble because very large.

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16
Q

What is the test for starch?

A
  • Add iodine.
  • Shake.
  • Blue-black = starch.
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17
Q

Where is starch found?

A

In plants - mainly seeds.

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18
Q

What is starch’s function?

A

energy storage.

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19
Q

Is starch branched or unbranched?

A

could be either.

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20
Q

How is starch suitable for it’s function of energy storage? (5 points)

A
  • Insoluble - doesn’t affect ψ.
  • Large - doesn’t diffuse out of cells.
  • Compact - lots of storage in small space.
  • Hydrolysed into a-glucose so can be easily transported and used in respiration.
  • Branched form has many ends - all acted on by enzymes at once.
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21
Q

Is starch made up of alpha or beta glucose?

A

Alpha.

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22
Q

Where is glycogen found?

A

Animals and bacteria - in muscles and liver.

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23
Q

What is glycogen’s function?

A

Carbohydrate storage.

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24
Q

Is glycogen branched or unbranched?

A

Highly branched.

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25
Q

How is glycogen suitable for it’s function of storage?

A
  • Insoluble - doesn’t bring in water or diffuse out of cells.
  • Compact - lots can be stored in a small space.
  • Highly branched - more ends for enzymes to act on.
26
Q

Is glycogen made up of alpha or beta glucose?

A

Alpha.

27
Q

Where is cellulose found?

A

Plant cell walls.

28
Q

What is cellulose’s function?

A

Structural support.

29
Q

Is cellulose branched or unbranched?

A

Unbranched.

30
Q

How is cellulose suitable for its function?

A
  • Has an inward pressure - cell wall won’t burst when water enters.
  • Long, straight, unbranched chains.
  • Hydrogen bonds - collectively strong.
31
Q

Is cellulose made up of alpha or beta glucose?

A

Beta glucose

32
Q

What bonds form between the adjacent chains of a cellulose molecule?

A

Hydrogen bonds.

33
Q

What are 3 general characteristics of lipids?

A
  • Contain C,H,O.
  • Insoluble in water.
  • Soluble in organic solvents.
34
Q

What are the 2 main groups of lipids?

A
  • Triglycerides.

- Phospholipids.

35
Q

What are 5 roles of lipids?

A
  • Cell membrane.
  • Energy source.
  • Waterproofing - insoluble in water.
  • Insulation - slow producer of heat.
  • Protection - fat stores around organs.
36
Q

Draw a fatty acid.

A

http://heartratezone.com/monounsaturated-fatty-acids-examples/

37
Q

What is the difference between a saturated and non-saturated fatty acid?

A

Unsaturated has at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

38
Q

Draw a triglyceride.

A

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Fig-1-Transesterification-of-triglyceride-with-alcohol-Triglycerides-from-oils-and_fig1_23656725

39
Q

What is the structure of a triglyceride related to it’s function?

A
  • Low mass:energy ratio - good storage for a small vol.
  • Large and non-polar - insoluble in water so don’t affect ψ.
  • Release water when oxidised - good source of water for organism.
40
Q

Draw a phospholipid.

A

https://ibiologia.com/phospholipid-bilayer/

41
Q

What’s the difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid?

A

Phospholipids swap a fatty acid for a phosphate molecule.

42
Q

What are the two parts of a phospholipid?

A

1) Hydrophilic head - attracted to water not fat.
2) Hydrophobic tail - repels water but attracted to fat.
These two opposites make phospholipids polar.

43
Q

What is the structure of phospholipids related to it’s properties?

A
  • Polar - form a bilayer within cell-surface membranes.

- Can form glycolipids for cell recognition.

44
Q

What is the test for lipids?

A

Emulsion test.

  • Add ethanol.
  • Shake.
  • Add water.
  • Shake.
  • milky-white emulsion = lipid.
45
Q

Draw an amino acid.

A

https://sites.google.com/site/ellesmerealevelchemistry/module-6-organic-chemistry-analysis/6-2-nitrogen-compounds-polymers-and-synthesis/6-2-2-a-reactions-of-amino-acids

46
Q

What are the 4 chemical groups in an amino acid?

A
  • Amine group.
  • Carboxyl group.
  • Hydrogen atom.
  • R group.
47
Q

What is the bond between amino acid molecules?

A

Peptide bond.

48
Q

What is the primary structure of proteins?

A

A sequence of amino acids - polypeptide chain.

49
Q

What is the secondary structure of proteins?

A
  • Sequence folds into either α-helix or β pleated sheets.

- Held in place by hydrogen bonds.

50
Q

What is the tertiary structure of proteins?

A
  • More folding.
  • 3-D.
  • Held in place by H, ionic and disulphide bonds.
51
Q

What is the quaternary structure of proteins?

A

Multiple polypeptide chains.

Eg/ haemoglobin.

52
Q

What is the test for proteins?

A
  • Add buret.

- Purple = peptide bond = protein.

53
Q

Do enzymes lower or higher activation energy?

A

Lower - less energy required to activate the reaction.

54
Q

What is the induced fit model?

A

Enzyme can alter it’s shape slightly when a substrate is present.

55
Q

What 4 things effect enzyme action?

A

1) Temperature.
2) pH.
3) Enzyme concentration.
4) Substrate concentration.

56
Q

How does temperature effect enzyme action?

A
  • ↑ temp = ↑ kinetic energy.
  • ↑ collisions.
  • More E-S complexes.
  • Until denatured.
57
Q

How does pH effect enzyme action?

A
  • change in pH can alter the charges of amino acids.

- Could also break bonds, changing the active sites shape.

58
Q

How does enzyme concentration effect the rate of reaction?

A

↑ enzymes = ↑ E-S complexes.

59
Q

how does substrate concentration effect the rate of reaction?

A

↑ substrate = ↑ E-S complexes.

60
Q

What are the two types of enzyme inhibitors?

A

Competitive and non-competitive.

61
Q

How do competitive inhibitors work?

A
  • Similar shape to substrate, so occupy enzymes active site.

- Not permanent - substrate can reoccupy active site if inhibitor leaves.

62
Q

How do non-competitive inhibitors work?

A

Bind to allosteric site, altering the active site so the enzyme can no longer function.

Biology (11 decks)

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