Section 3, Chapter 6 Flashcards
Blood
A unique life-sustaining fluid that supplies the body’s organs and cells with oxygen and nutrients & helps regulate body temperature, fight infections, and remove waste products.
Three kinds of cells in the blood:
Red blood cells, white blood cells, + platelets.
Growth Factors
Substances within the blood that attach to cells, aid in growth and development, and help with healing after injury
Plasma
55% of the total volume of blood + remaining 45% is cellular material
Transportation
Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues transports waste products from tissues, transports hormones, growth factors, + stem cells to organs + tissues, carries heat throughout the body
Regulation
Regulates body temperature and acid balance in the body
Protection
Protects the body from excessive bleeding by clotting, + contains specialized immune cells to help fight disease + sickness.
Blood explanation 2
Fluid that circulates in the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins; it carries nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body and also transports waste products from the body to other compartments or organs for either processing (e.g., liver) or excretion (e.g., kidney).
Stem Cells
Cells within the body divide and develop into specialized cells, such as brain cells, blood cells, heart cells, and bone cells.
Blood Vessels
Form a closed circuit of hollow tubes that allows blood to be transported to and from the heart.
Arteries
Vessels that transport blood away from the heart
Capillaries
The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues.
Veins
Vessels that transport blood back to the heart
Arterioles
Small arteries that eventually divide into capillaries
Venules
Small veins that allows blood to drain from capillaries into the larger veins
Vasculogeneisis
The formation of new capillaries
Angiogenesis
The formation of new capillaries from existing blood vessels
Branches of Aorta
Medium-sized arteries including, the carotid artery (blood to the brain via the neck), subclavian artery (supplies blood to both arms), mesenteric arteries (blood to the digestive system), renal artery (blood to both kidneys), + iliac artery (blood to pelvic + reproductive organs.
Venous Pooling
The accumulation of blood into the extremities due to slow blood flow through the veins (venous return) or backflow.
Blood pressure (BP)
The outward pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls; reported as systolic/diastolic.
Peripheral resistance
The amount of resistance in the arteries that must be overcome for blood to flow.
Arteries + Arterioles
Large & Medium vessels carry OXYGENATED blood from the lungs to the heart and then out into the body.
Veins + Venules
Large + medium vessels carry DEOXYGENATED blood back to the heart + then to the lungs.
Capillaries
Smallest vessels are the sites of nutrient exchange in bodily tissues where arterioles + venules meet
Venous pooling
A term used to describe the accumulation of blood in the extremities due to slow blood flow through the veins (venous return) or backflow (Goodman, 2015; Reid et al., 2014). When the venous return is reduced as a result of damage to the veins, such as the one-way valves not working, swelling in the extremities may accumulate and the veins of the leg become more visible
Blood Pressure (BP)
The measurement of circulating blood against the walls of arteries.
Hypertension
Consistently elevated blood pressure. Greater than 139 mm Hg sys + 89 mm Hg dia.
Normal = <120 mm Hg + <80 mm Hg
What is the right side of the heart referred to as?
The pulmonic side
Respiratory system
A bodily system, also known as the pulmonary system, that brings oxygen into the lungs from breathed air while removing carbon dioxide from the lungs into the outside air; includes airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles.
Respiratory System
Airways, lungs, + Respiratory muscles
How many liters of air do we breathe everyday?
7K - 9K Liters
Respiratory Pump
Composed of skeletal structures (bones) and soft tissues (muscles) that work together to allow for proper respiratory mechanics as well as pumping blood back to the heart during inspiration.
Inspiration
The process of contracting the inspiratory muscles to move air into the body.
Expiration
The process of actively or passively relaxing the inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body.
Valsalva Manuever
A process that involves expiring against a closed windpipe, creating additional intra-abdominal pressure and spinal stability.
Holding in breath during exercise while contracting the abdominals - increases the rigidity of the spine to make it easier to support heavy loads.
Diffusion
The process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body.
Structures of the Respiratory Passages
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Right and left pulmonary bronchi
Bronchioles
Respiratory Airways
Alveoli
Alveolar sacs
Respiratory Airways
The nasal and oral cavities, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchioles provide a gathering station for air and oxygen to be directed into the body.
What is the primary role of the respiratory system?
To ensure proper cellular function
Joints
When one bone articulates (joins) with another bone. Shape, structure, + function.
Osteokinematics
Bone movement (flexion + extension). Movement of a limb that is visible.
Arthrokinematics
Joint Movement. The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.
Rolling Joints
A rolling joint movement, one joint rolls across the surface of another much like the tire of a bicycle rolls on the street.
Synovial Joints
Most common joints associated with human movement. They comprise approximately 80% of all the joints in the body and have the greatest capacity for motion.
Synovial joints produce synovial fluid
Synovial fluid resembles egg whites and works much like engine oil. It is secreted within the joint capsule from the synovial membrane and is essential for lubricating the joint surfaces to reduce excessive wear and to provide nutrition to the joint structures within the synovial capsule
Synovial Joints
Gliding, condyloid, hinge, saddle, pivot, and ball-and-socket joints.
Non-Axial Joint has simple movements of all joints
It moves either back and forth or side to side.
Condyloid joints
Because the condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical cavity of another bone to form the joint
Nonsynovial Joints
They have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure.
Ligaments
Fibrous tissues that connect bone to bone provide static + dynamic stability, as well as sensory input to the nervous system that aids proprioception
Ligaments 2
Primarily made up of collagen with varying amounts of a second protein called elastin.
Collagen
A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body.
Elastin
A protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures.
Muscular System
Links the nervous and skeletal systems and is responsible for generating the forces that move the human body.
3 types of muscles
Skeletal, cardiac, + smooth
Cardiac Muscle
Makes up the heart, smooth muscle + tissues of internal organs
Skeletal Muscle
Made up of individual muscle fibers held together by connective tissues. Primary functions are to contract + produce movement, support the skeletal system, + assist with the homeostasis of the body by producing heat.
Fascia
Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones.
Skeletal muscle
The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement.
Epimysium
The inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle is commonly referred to as the “deep fascia.”
Fascicles
Largest bundles of fibers within a muscle. Fascicles are surrounded by perimysium.
Perimysium
The connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle.
Endomysium
Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle.
Tendons Vs. Ligaments
Tendons connect muscles to bones. Commonly discussed tendons include the Achilles tendon at the ankle and the patellar tendon of the knee. When a tendon is overstretched or torn, this is known as a strain.
Ligaments connect bones to bones. A commonly discussed ligament is the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee that connects the tibia to the femur. When a ligament is overstretched or torn, it is known as a sprain.
Muscle fibers + contractile elements
Within the endomysium of the fascicles, individual muscle fibers are themselves encased by a plasma membrane known as the sarcolemma
Glycogen
Glucose is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrates.
Myoglobin
Protein-based molecule that carries oxygen molecules into the muscles.
Myofibrils
The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within a myofibril.
Myofilaments
The filaments of a myofibril; include actin and myosin.
Actin
The thin, stringlike, myofilament acts along with myosin to produce a muscular contraction.
Myosin
The thick myofilament acts along with actin to produce a muscular contraction.
Sarcomere
The structural unit of a myofibril is composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.
Z-line
The meeting point of each sarcomere.
Motor Unit
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates.
Synapse
A junction or small gap between the motor neuron and muscle cells.
Neuromuscular Junction
The specialized site where the nervous system communicates directly with muscle fibers.
Neural Activation
The nervous system’s signal tells a muscle to contract.
Action Potential
A nerve impulse that is relayed from the central nervous system through the peripheral nervous system, + into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction.
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that cross the synapse between neuron + muscle, released into the gap
Acetylcholine (ACh)
A neurotransmitter used by the neuromuscular system. A neurotransmitter that helps the action potential cross the synapse into the muscle, which initiates the steps in a muscle contraction.
Action Potential
A nerve impulse that is relayed from the central nervous system, through the peripheral nervous system, + into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction.
Sliding filament theory
Further describes how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere and, concurrently, the muscle as a whole
