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NASM CPT (Sections 1 & 2 & 3) > Section 3 - Chap 5 cont'd > Flashcards

Section 3 - Chap 5 cont'd Flashcards

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1
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves.

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2
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement.

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3
Q

Reflexes in action

A

sensing the heat, transmitting the information to the CNS, processing that information as painful and dangerous, and then sending the command for arm muscles to contract and move the hand away from the flame—happens almost instantaneously.

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4
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (e.g., circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones).

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5
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state.

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6
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state.

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7
Q

Sensory function

A

Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.

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8
Q

Proprioception

A

The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts.

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9
Q

Integrative function

A

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces an appropriate response.

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10
Q

Motor function

A

The neuromuscular (or nervous and muscular systems) response to the integrated sensory information.

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11
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.

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12
Q

Stretch reflex

A

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.

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13
Q

Golgi tendon organ (GTO)

A

A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.

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14
Q

Joint Receptors

A

Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.

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15
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The concept that the brain will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual’s entire life span.

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16
Q

Neurocircuitry

A

The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord.

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17
Q

Motor skills

A

Specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motor subsystems.

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18
Q

Stage 1 (Cognitive stage)

A

The client is just learning a skill. They understand the goals of the skill and develop movement strategies and can perform the skill but with inconsistent performance.

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19
Q

Stage 2 (Associative)

A

The client begins to understand the skill. Through practice, they refine the skill and movement strategy and can perform the skill with less error.

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20
Q

Stage 3 (Autonomous)

A

The client has mastered the skill. They perform the skill consistently with no error and independently modify the skill without error.

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21
Q

Cell body (Soma)

A

Controls all of the functions of the cell - (nucleus + mitochondria)

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22
Q

Axon

A

Provides communication from brain + spinal cord

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23
Q

Dendrites

A

Gathers information from other structures + transmits it back into the neuron.

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24
Q

Primary electrolytes

A

Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Magnesium (Mg2+), & Water

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25
Q

Proper nerve function

A

Coordinate the activity of all parts of the body

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26
Q

Peripheral Nervous system

A

12 cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, & sensory receptors

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27
Q

What is the process for Interneurons

A

Interneurons transmit impulses between the afferent and efferent neurons and are only located within the spinal cord and the brain.

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28
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Heat, light, sound, taste, + motion

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29
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Mechanical forces, touch, + receptors. Muscles, tendons, ligaments.

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30
Q

Nociceptors

A

Respond to pain

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31
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Respond to chemical interactions like smell + taste

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32
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Respond to light

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33
Q

Somatic

A

Outer areas of the body + skeletal muscle

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34
Q

Autonomic

A

Run the involuntary processes of the body - like digesting food or circulating blood

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35
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

works to increase neural activity and signals different endocrine organs to release hormones such as adrenaline for example.

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36
Q

Nervous System: 3 Primary functions

A

Sensory, Integrative, + Motor functions

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37
Q

What structure regulates breathing?

A

Brain Stem

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38
Q

What structure is the center of coordination and intellectual and nervous system activity in the body?

A

Brain

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39
Q

What structure connects all parts of the body to the brain?

A

Spinal cord

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40
Q

Which of the following is one of the three integrated systems in the human movement system?

A

The nervous system

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41
Q

A specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system

A

Neuron

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42
Q

A cellular structure that performs specific functions within a cell

A

Organelle

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43
Q

A cellular structure that uses nutrients to create energy for the cell

A

Mitochondrion

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44
Q

A cellular structure that contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material

A

Nucleus

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45
Q

A sensory receptor sensitive to changes in muscular length and the rate of that change

A

Muscle spindle

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46
Q

The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord

A

Neurocircuitry

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47
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The concept that the brain will continually change or grow, re-forming neural pathways

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48
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

A sensory receptor sensitive to changes in muscular tension and the rate of that change

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49
Q

Skeletal system

A

A description of the bones of the body.

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50
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A condition of reduced bone mineral density, which increases risk of bone fracture.

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51
Q

Joints

A

The sites where two bones meet and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction.

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52
Q

Skeletal system 2.0

A

provides the shape and form for our bodies, supports and protects our internal organs, provides the structure from which movement is created, produces blood for the body, and stores minerals

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53
Q

Axial skeleton

A

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column.

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54
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle.

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55
Q

Levers

A

Rigid rods where muscles attach.

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56
Q

Remodeling

A

The process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure.

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57
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue.

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58
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue.

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59
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

Scientific explanation of how remodeling (new bone growth) occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone.

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60
Q

5 major types of bones in the skeletal system

A

long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid

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61
Q

Long

A

Long, cylindrical shaft with irregular or widened ends (e.g., Humerus, upper arm bone, femur (i.e., thigh bone)

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62
Q

Short

A

Similar in length and width and appear somewhat cubical in shape (e.g., Carpals of the wrist; Tarsals of the ankle)

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63
Q

Flat

A

Thin, protective surfaces that provide broad surfaces for muscles to attach (Scapulae (i.e., the shoulder blades), Sternum (i.e., the breast plate), Ribs

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64
Q

Unique shape and function from all other bone types

A

Vertebrae (i.e., the spinal column)

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65
Q

Sesamoid

A

Small, often round bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint (patella)

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66
Q

Clavicle

A

Collar bone

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67
Q

Humerus

A

Upper arm bone

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68
Q

Radius + Ulna

A

forearm bones

69
Q

Metacarpals

A
70
Q

Phalanges

A

Finger bones

71
Q

Lower-body long bones

A

Femur (thigh bone)

72
Q

Tibia + Fibula

A

Shin bones

73
Q

Metatarsals

A
74
Q

Phalanges

A

Toe bones

75
Q

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

A

cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones

76
Q

Epiphysis (epiphyses)

A

the end of long bones that contains red marrow that produces red blood cells and is also one of the primary sites for bone growth

77
Q

Diaphysis

A

the shaft portion of a long bone

78
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

the region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis

79
Q

Medullary cavity

A

the central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored

80
Q

Periosteum

A

a dense fibrous membrane that covers the bone, provides an attachment site for tendons, and contains nerves, blood vessels, and bone-producing cells (Hamill et al., 2015)

81
Q

Short bones

A

Similar in length + width, appearing somewhat cubical in shape. Spongy bone tissue to maximize shock absorption.

82
Q

Flat bones

A

Thin bones comprising two layers of compact bone tissue surrounding a layer of spongy bone tissue.

83
Q

Depressions

A

flattened or indented portions of bone

84
Q

Irregular bones

A

Bone of unique shape + function that do not fit the characteristics of the other categories. (sacrum, coccyx or tailbone, + certain facial bones.

85
Q

Bone markings

A

can be divided into two simple categories: depressions and processes

86
Q

Depressions

A

Flattened or indented portions of the bone

87
Q

Common depression is called

A

Fossa

88
Q

Processes

A

Projections protruding from the bone to which tendons and ligaments can attach.

89
Q

Condyles

A

Located on the inner + outer portions at the bottom of the femur (thigh bone) + top of the tibia (shin bone) to form knee joint

90
Q

Epicondyles

A

Located on the inner + outer portions of the humerus to help form the elbow joint

91
Q

Tubercles

A

Located at the top of the humerus at the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

92
Q

Vertebral Column

A

Bones that house the spinal cord; consists of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbo-sacral regions.

93
Q

Spinal cord

A

in conjunction with the brain, makes up the CNS

94
Q

Cervical spine (C1-C7)

A

First seven vertebrae starting at the top of the spinal column; Form a flexible framework and provide support and motion for the head

95
Q

Thoracic spine (T1–T12)

A

Twelve vertebrae located in the upper and middle back behind the ribs. Each vertebra articulates with a rib helping form the rear anchor of the rib cage. Larger than cervical vertebrae and increase in size from top to bottom

96
Q

Lumbar spine (L1–L5)

A

Five vertebrae of the low-back below the thoracic spine
Largest segments in the spinal column
Support most of the body’s weight and are attached to many back muscles

97
Q

Sacrum

A

Triangular bone located below the lumbar spine
Composed of five vertebrae that fuse together as the body develops into adulthood

98
Q

Coccyx

A

Located below the sacrum, more commonly known as the tailbone
Composed of three to five small fused bones

99
Q

Breakfast + Lunch + Dinner Analogy

A

Breakfast at 7:00 a.m. = 7 cervical vertebrae at the neck
Lunch at 12:00 p.m. = 12 thoracic vertebrae at the mid-back
Dinner at 5:00 p.m. = 5 lumbar vertebrae at the low-back

100
Q

Intervertebral Discs

A

Fibrous cartilage structures between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers and assist with movement.

101
Q

Neutral Spine

A

Represents a position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amount of load and can most optimally support functional movement.

102
Q

Adult human spine (3 major curvatures)

A

Posterior (concave) cervical curve (hollowed or rounded inward)
Posterior (convex) thoracic curve (curved or rounded outward)
Posterior (concave) lumbar curve (hollowed or rounded inward)

103
Q

Joint

A

The site where two bones meet and movement occurs due to muscle contraction

104
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue

105
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue

106
Q

Levers

A

Rigid rods (usually a long bone) where muscles attach

107
Q

Cervical Spine

A

Forms a flexible framework and provides support and motion for the head

108
Q

Thoracic Spine

A

Composed of 12 vertebrae located in the upper and middle back

109
Q

Coccyx

A

Composed of three to five small, fused bones

110
Q

Lumbar Spine

A

Composed of the largest segments in the spinal column

111
Q

Sacrum

A

Composed of five vertebrae that fuse together as the body develops

112
Q

Osteokinematics

A

Movement of a limb that is visible.

113
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.

114
Q

Three major types of arthrokinematics

A

Roll, slide or glide, + spin

115
Q

Synovial joints

A

A joint with a fluid-filled joint capsule.

116
Q

Nonaxial (plane joint)

A

A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side.

117
Q

Hinge joint

A

a uniaxial joint allowing movement predominantly in one direction. Joints such as the elbow, interphalangeal (toe), and ankle are considered hinge joints

118
Q

Saddle joint

A

Named after its appearance

119
Q

Pivot joints

A

Allow movement in predominantly one direction.

120
Q

Ball + socket joints

A

The most mobile of the joints, allowing movement in all three directions

121
Q

Nonsynovial joints

A

Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure.

122
Q

Ligament

A

A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

123
Q

Collagen

A

A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body.

124
Q

Elastin

A

A protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures.

125
Q

Growth plate

A

A specialized cartilage disc located in the epiphysis that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth.

126
Q

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

A

cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones

127
Q

Epiphysis (epiphyses)

A

the end of long bones that contains red marrow that produces red blood cells and is also one of the primary sites for bone growth

128
Q

Diaphysis

A

the shaft portion of a long bone

129
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

the region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis

130
Q

Medullary cavity

A

the central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored

131
Q

Periosteum

A

a dense fibrous membrane that covers the bone, provides an attachment site for tendons, and contains nerves, blood vessels, and bone-producing cells

132
Q

Depressions

A

Flattened or indented portions of bone

133
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Small bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint.

134
Q

Processes

A

Projections protruding from the bone to which tendons + ligaments can attach

135
Q

Tubercles

A

Top of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint

136
Q

Vertebral column

A

Bones that house the spinal cord; consists of the cervical, thoracic, + lumbo-sacral regions.

137
Q

Spinal cord

A

Bundle of nerves house within the vertebrae

138
Q

What are the two components of the central nervous system?

A

The brain and spinal cord

139
Q

What is the primary purpose of the peripheral nervous system?

A
140
Q

What is it called when a ligament is overstretched or torn?

A

Sprain

141
Q

Which type of muscle fiber has a large number of capillaries?

A
142
Q

What is the bone type of the clavicle, radius, and ulna?

A

Long bones

143
Q

Long bones of the upper body

A

the clavicle (collarbone), humerus (upper arm bone), radius and ulna (forearm bones), metacarpals, and phalanges (finger bones).

144
Q

What are the two components of a sarcomere?

A

actin + myosin

145
Q

Which type of muscle fiber is predominantly used during movements that require high levels of force & power, such as a sprint?

A

Type II

146
Q

Which joints are most associated with human movement?

A

Synovial joints

147
Q

What is the correct order of fascia, starting with the most superficial?

A

Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

148
Q

Cardiorespiratory system

A

A system of the body composed of the heart, blood, blood vessels, lungs, and airways.

149
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

A system of the body, also known as the circulatory system, that transports blood to tissues of the body. (the heart, blood vessels, + blood)

150
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Chamber within the chest that contains the heart and lungs.

151
Q

Mediastinum

A

The space in the chest between the lungs that contains all the internal organs of the chest (e.g., heart, esophagus) except the lungs.

152
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Muscle of the heart.

153
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement.

154
Q

Smooth muscle

A

An involuntary non-striated muscle type that is found in organs.

155
Q

Myofibrils

A

The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myo-filaments (actin and myosin) are contained within a myofibril.

156
Q

Sarcomere

A

The structural unit of a myofibril, composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.

157
Q

Atrium (atria)

A

Superior chamber(s) of the heart that gathers blood returning to the heart.

158
Q

Ventricle

A

Inferior chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the lungs and body.

159
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Found in the heart, these formations help hold together muscle cells.

160
Q

Resting heart rate (RHR)

A

The number of heartbeats per minute while at complete rest.

161
Q

What is the mnemonic for blood pumping out to the lungs or body?

A

“A comes before V in the alphabet”—This signifies that blood will first flow into the Atria on top, then down to the Ventricles to be pumped out to either the lungs or the body.

162
Q

What is a mnemonic for how blood is deoxygenated or oxygenated?

A

“Right returns and left leaves”—This signifies that the right-side chambers collect returning deoxygenated blood from the body (right atrium) and send it to the lungs (right ventricle), while the left-side chambers collect oxygenated blood that has left the lungs (left atrium) and send it out to the body (left ventricle).

163
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Helps hold cardiac muscle cells together during contraction and creates an electrical connection between the cells, which allows the heart to contract as one functional unit.

164
Q

Resting heart rate (RHR)

A

Also known as a pulse, means the number of times the heart contracts per minute while at rest. Resting heart rate ranges can vary dramatically depending on the age, size, gender, health status, and fitness level of the individual.

165
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

Located in the right atrium, this node initiates an electrical signal that causes the heart to beat.

166
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A

Located between the atria and ventricles, this node delays the impulse from the sinoatrial node before allowing it to pass to the ventricles.

167
Q

Stroke Volume

A

Amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction

168
Q

Stroke Volume

A

Difference between the ventricular end-diastolic volume + end-systolic volume.

169
Q

Heart Rate (HR)

A

Rate with which the heart beats

NASM CPT (Sections 1 & 2 & 3) (7 decks)

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