Section 3 - Chap 5 cont'd Flashcards
Mechanoreceptors
Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves.
Somatic nervous system
Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement.
Reflexes in action
sensing the heat, transmitting the information to the CNS, processing that information as painful and dangerous, and then sending the command for arm muscles to contract and move the hand away from the flame—happens almost instantaneously.
Autonomic nervous system
A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (e.g., circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones).
Sympathetic nervous system
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state.
Parasympathetic nervous system
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state.
Sensory function
Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.
Proprioception
The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts.
Integrative function
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces an appropriate response.
Motor function
The neuromuscular (or nervous and muscular systems) response to the integrated sensory information.
Muscle spindles
Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.
Stretch reflex
Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.
Golgi tendon organ (GTO)
A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.
Joint Receptors
Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.
Neuroplasticity
The concept that the brain will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual’s entire life span.
Neurocircuitry
The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
Motor skills
Specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motor subsystems.
Stage 1 (Cognitive stage)
The client is just learning a skill. They understand the goals of the skill and develop movement strategies and can perform the skill but with inconsistent performance.
Stage 2 (Associative)
The client begins to understand the skill. Through practice, they refine the skill and movement strategy and can perform the skill with less error.
Stage 3 (Autonomous)
The client has mastered the skill. They perform the skill consistently with no error and independently modify the skill without error.
Cell body (Soma)
Controls all of the functions of the cell - (nucleus + mitochondria)
Axon
Provides communication from brain + spinal cord
Dendrites
Gathers information from other structures + transmits it back into the neuron.
Primary electrolytes
Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Magnesium (Mg2+), & Water
Proper nerve function
Coordinate the activity of all parts of the body
Peripheral Nervous system
12 cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, & sensory receptors
What is the process for Interneurons
Interneurons transmit impulses between the afferent and efferent neurons and are only located within the spinal cord and the brain.
Sensory receptors
Heat, light, sound, taste, + motion
Mechanoreceptors
Mechanical forces, touch, + receptors. Muscles, tendons, ligaments.
Nociceptors
Respond to pain
Chemoreceptors
Respond to chemical interactions like smell + taste
Photoreceptors
Respond to light
Somatic
Outer areas of the body + skeletal muscle
Autonomic
Run the involuntary processes of the body - like digesting food or circulating blood
Sympathetic nervous system
works to increase neural activity and signals different endocrine organs to release hormones such as adrenaline for example.
Nervous System: 3 Primary functions
Sensory, Integrative, + Motor functions
What structure regulates breathing?
Brain Stem
What structure is the center of coordination and intellectual and nervous system activity in the body?
Brain
What structure connects all parts of the body to the brain?
Spinal cord
Which of the following is one of the three integrated systems in the human movement system?
The nervous system
A specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system
Neuron
A cellular structure that performs specific functions within a cell
Organelle
A cellular structure that uses nutrients to create energy for the cell
Mitochondrion
A cellular structure that contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material
Nucleus
A sensory receptor sensitive to changes in muscular length and the rate of that change
Muscle spindle
The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord
Neurocircuitry
Neuroplasticity
The concept that the brain will continually change or grow, re-forming neural pathways
Golgi tendon organ
A sensory receptor sensitive to changes in muscular tension and the rate of that change
Skeletal system
A description of the bones of the body.
Osteoporosis
A condition of reduced bone mineral density, which increases risk of bone fracture.
Joints
The sites where two bones meet and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction.
Skeletal system 2.0
provides the shape and form for our bodies, supports and protects our internal organs, provides the structure from which movement is created, produces blood for the body, and stores minerals
Axial skeleton
A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column.
Appendicular skeleton
A division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle.
Levers
Rigid rods where muscles attach.
Remodeling
The process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure.
Osteoclasts
Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue.
Osteoblasts
Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue.
Wolff’s Law
Scientific explanation of how remodeling (new bone growth) occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone.
5 major types of bones in the skeletal system
long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid
Long
Long, cylindrical shaft with irregular or widened ends (e.g., Humerus, upper arm bone, femur (i.e., thigh bone)
Short
Similar in length and width and appear somewhat cubical in shape (e.g., Carpals of the wrist; Tarsals of the ankle)
Flat
Thin, protective surfaces that provide broad surfaces for muscles to attach (Scapulae (i.e., the shoulder blades), Sternum (i.e., the breast plate), Ribs
Unique shape and function from all other bone types
Vertebrae (i.e., the spinal column)
Sesamoid
Small, often round bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint (patella)
Clavicle
Collar bone
Humerus
Upper arm bone
Radius + Ulna
forearm bones
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Finger bones
Lower-body long bones
Femur (thigh bone)
Tibia + Fibula
Shin bones
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Toe bones
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones
Epiphysis (epiphyses)
the end of long bones that contains red marrow that produces red blood cells and is also one of the primary sites for bone growth
Diaphysis
the shaft portion of a long bone
Epiphyseal plate
the region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis
Medullary cavity
the central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored
Periosteum
a dense fibrous membrane that covers the bone, provides an attachment site for tendons, and contains nerves, blood vessels, and bone-producing cells (Hamill et al., 2015)
Short bones
Similar in length + width, appearing somewhat cubical in shape. Spongy bone tissue to maximize shock absorption.
Flat bones
Thin bones comprising two layers of compact bone tissue surrounding a layer of spongy bone tissue.
Depressions
flattened or indented portions of bone
Irregular bones
Bone of unique shape + function that do not fit the characteristics of the other categories. (sacrum, coccyx or tailbone, + certain facial bones.
Bone markings
can be divided into two simple categories: depressions and processes
Depressions
Flattened or indented portions of the bone
Common depression is called
Fossa
Processes
Projections protruding from the bone to which tendons and ligaments can attach.
Condyles
Located on the inner + outer portions at the bottom of the femur (thigh bone) + top of the tibia (shin bone) to form knee joint
Epicondyles
Located on the inner + outer portions of the humerus to help form the elbow joint
Tubercles
Located at the top of the humerus at the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
Vertebral Column
Bones that house the spinal cord; consists of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbo-sacral regions.
Spinal cord
in conjunction with the brain, makes up the CNS
Cervical spine (C1-C7)
First seven vertebrae starting at the top of the spinal column; Form a flexible framework and provide support and motion for the head
Thoracic spine (T1–T12)
Twelve vertebrae located in the upper and middle back behind the ribs. Each vertebra articulates with a rib helping form the rear anchor of the rib cage. Larger than cervical vertebrae and increase in size from top to bottom
Lumbar spine (L1–L5)
Five vertebrae of the low-back below the thoracic spine
Largest segments in the spinal column
Support most of the body’s weight and are attached to many back muscles
Sacrum
Triangular bone located below the lumbar spine
Composed of five vertebrae that fuse together as the body develops into adulthood
Coccyx
Located below the sacrum, more commonly known as the tailbone
Composed of three to five small fused bones
Breakfast + Lunch + Dinner Analogy
Breakfast at 7:00 a.m. = 7 cervical vertebrae at the neck
Lunch at 12:00 p.m. = 12 thoracic vertebrae at the mid-back
Dinner at 5:00 p.m. = 5 lumbar vertebrae at the low-back
Intervertebral Discs
Fibrous cartilage structures between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers and assist with movement.
Neutral Spine
Represents a position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amount of load and can most optimally support functional movement.
Adult human spine (3 major curvatures)
Posterior (concave) cervical curve (hollowed or rounded inward)
Posterior (convex) thoracic curve (curved or rounded outward)
Posterior (concave) lumbar curve (hollowed or rounded inward)
Joint
The site where two bones meet and movement occurs due to muscle contraction
Osteoblasts
Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue
Osteoclasts
Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue
Levers
Rigid rods (usually a long bone) where muscles attach
Cervical Spine
Forms a flexible framework and provides support and motion for the head
Thoracic Spine
Composed of 12 vertebrae located in the upper and middle back
Coccyx
Composed of three to five small, fused bones
Lumbar Spine
Composed of the largest segments in the spinal column
Sacrum
Composed of five vertebrae that fuse together as the body develops
Osteokinematics
Movement of a limb that is visible.
Arthrokinematics
The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.
Three major types of arthrokinematics
Roll, slide or glide, + spin
Synovial joints
A joint with a fluid-filled joint capsule.
Nonaxial (plane joint)
A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side.
Hinge joint
a uniaxial joint allowing movement predominantly in one direction. Joints such as the elbow, interphalangeal (toe), and ankle are considered hinge joints
Saddle joint
Named after its appearance
Pivot joints
Allow movement in predominantly one direction.
Ball + socket joints
The most mobile of the joints, allowing movement in all three directions
Nonsynovial joints
Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure.
Ligament
A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone.
Collagen
A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body.
Elastin
A protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures.
Growth plate
A specialized cartilage disc located in the epiphysis that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth.
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones
Epiphysis (epiphyses)
the end of long bones that contains red marrow that produces red blood cells and is also one of the primary sites for bone growth
Diaphysis
the shaft portion of a long bone
Epiphyseal plate
the region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis
Medullary cavity
the central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored
Periosteum
a dense fibrous membrane that covers the bone, provides an attachment site for tendons, and contains nerves, blood vessels, and bone-producing cells
Depressions
Flattened or indented portions of bone
Sesamoid bones
Small bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint.
Processes
Projections protruding from the bone to which tendons + ligaments can attach
Tubercles
Top of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint
Vertebral column
Bones that house the spinal cord; consists of the cervical, thoracic, + lumbo-sacral regions.
Spinal cord
Bundle of nerves house within the vertebrae
What are the two components of the central nervous system?
The brain and spinal cord
What is the primary purpose of the peripheral nervous system?
What is it called when a ligament is overstretched or torn?
Sprain
Which type of muscle fiber has a large number of capillaries?
What is the bone type of the clavicle, radius, and ulna?
Long bones
Long bones of the upper body
the clavicle (collarbone), humerus (upper arm bone), radius and ulna (forearm bones), metacarpals, and phalanges (finger bones).
What are the two components of a sarcomere?
actin + myosin
Which type of muscle fiber is predominantly used during movements that require high levels of force & power, such as a sprint?
Type II
Which joints are most associated with human movement?
Synovial joints
What is the correct order of fascia, starting with the most superficial?
Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
Cardiorespiratory system
A system of the body composed of the heart, blood, blood vessels, lungs, and airways.
Cardiovascular system
A system of the body, also known as the circulatory system, that transports blood to tissues of the body. (the heart, blood vessels, + blood)
Thoracic cavity
Chamber within the chest that contains the heart and lungs.
Mediastinum
The space in the chest between the lungs that contains all the internal organs of the chest (e.g., heart, esophagus) except the lungs.
Cardiac muscle
Muscle of the heart.
Skeletal muscle
The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement.
Smooth muscle
An involuntary non-striated muscle type that is found in organs.
Myofibrils
The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myo-filaments (actin and myosin) are contained within a myofibril.
Sarcomere
The structural unit of a myofibril, composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.
Atrium (atria)
Superior chamber(s) of the heart that gathers blood returning to the heart.
Ventricle
Inferior chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the lungs and body.
Intercalated discs
Found in the heart, these formations help hold together muscle cells.
Resting heart rate (RHR)
The number of heartbeats per minute while at complete rest.
What is the mnemonic for blood pumping out to the lungs or body?
“A comes before V in the alphabet”—This signifies that blood will first flow into the Atria on top, then down to the Ventricles to be pumped out to either the lungs or the body.
What is a mnemonic for how blood is deoxygenated or oxygenated?
“Right returns and left leaves”—This signifies that the right-side chambers collect returning deoxygenated blood from the body (right atrium) and send it to the lungs (right ventricle), while the left-side chambers collect oxygenated blood that has left the lungs (left atrium) and send it out to the body (left ventricle).
Intercalated discs
Helps hold cardiac muscle cells together during contraction and creates an electrical connection between the cells, which allows the heart to contract as one functional unit.
Resting heart rate (RHR)
Also known as a pulse, means the number of times the heart contracts per minute while at rest. Resting heart rate ranges can vary dramatically depending on the age, size, gender, health status, and fitness level of the individual.
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Located in the right atrium, this node initiates an electrical signal that causes the heart to beat.
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Located between the atria and ventricles, this node delays the impulse from the sinoatrial node before allowing it to pass to the ventricles.
Stroke Volume
Amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction
Stroke Volume
Difference between the ventricular end-diastolic volume + end-systolic volume.
Heart Rate (HR)
Rate with which the heart beats
