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AS Research Methods > Section 3 > Flashcards

Section 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is quanrirative data?

A

Numerical values e.g reaction time or number of mistakes

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2
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of quantative data

A
  1. Easier to analuse: Cna draw graphs and average , can ‘eyeball’ data and patterns at glance
  2. Oversimplifies behaviour : e.g use scale for feelings , individual meaning lost
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3
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

Non-numerical data expressed in words

e.g extract from diary

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4
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of qualatative data:

A
  1. Represents complexities: More detail plus feelings , can also include info unexpected
  2. Less easy to analyse: Large amount of detail difficult to summarise and draw conclusions from
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5
Q

What is primary data?

A

‘First hand’ data collected for the purpose of investigation

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6
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of primary data:

A
  • Fits the job: study desgined to extract only data needed as information is directly relevant to aims
  • Requires time and effort: Design may involve pllaning and preparation as secondary data acessed within minutes
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7
Q

What is secondary data?

A

Collected by someone other than person who is conducting the researche.g taken from journal articles , books , websites

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8
Q

Advantage and disadvantage with secondary data

A
  • Inexpensive: Desired information may already exist , requires minial effort and inexpensive
  • Quality might be poor: Info incomplete or outdate so challenges validity of findings
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9
Q

What is meta-analysis?

A

Type of secondary data that involves combing data from large number of studies

Calculation of effect size

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10
Q

What is a table used for?

A

Raw scores are displayed on columns and rows

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11
Q

What is a bar chart?

A

Caterrgories (discrete data) usually placed on x and freq on y

Height of column represent frequency of that item

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12
Q

What is a histogram?

A

Bars that touch each other data is continous rather than discrete

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13
Q

What is a scattergrah?

A

Used for correlational analysis

Each dot represent one pair of related data

data must be continous

MUST BE CORRELATION/RELATIONSHIP IN TITLE

NO LINE OF BEST FIT

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14
Q

What are the two measures of dispersion?

A

/Range

Standard deviation

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15
Q

What happens the bigger the range?

A

Bigger range of results

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16
Q

What is the standard deviation?

A

Measure of average of spread around the mean

Larger SD , more spread out data

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17
Q

What are the three central tendency?

A

Mean

Median

Mode

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18
Q

What is mean?

A

Airthemtic average

Add up all score

deivide by number of scores

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19
Q

Advantages of mean and disadvantages

A
  • Sensitive: Includes all scores in data set within calculation , overall impression of average than mode and median
  • Unrepresentative: Only one very large or small number makes it disorted , median and mode not disorted
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20
Q

What is median?

A

The middle value , places scores in ascening order and select middle value

If two values in middle , mean is calculated

21
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of median

A

Advantage: Unaffected by extreme scores as only focused on middle value so more representative as a whole

Less senstive than mean: Not all scores included so extreme values may be important

22
Q

What is mode?

A

Most frequent/common value used with categorial/nominal data

23
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of mdoe

A
  • Relevant to caterogical data: When it is discrete , mode is only approperiate
  • Overly simple measure: Many modes in data set , not useful when describing many sets to use mode
24
Q

What is range?

A

Difference between highest to lowest value

25
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of ranges:

A
  • Easy to calculate as arrange values , simple formula than SD
  • Does not account for disturbition fo scores , does not indicate whether most numbers are closely grouped or spread out evenly - SD is better dispersion
26
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of standard devistion

A

More precise: includes all values in calculation , more accurate picture of data set

Misleading; ‘Hide’ some characteristic of data as extreme values not releaved unlike range

27
Q

What is correlation analysis?

A

Measure strength and direction of relationsgio between two variables

28
Q

What is co-variable?

A

Variables that have been used up when looking at correlations

29
Q

What is positive correlation?

A

As one variables rises , other variables increases

30
Q

What is negative correlation?

A

As on variable increases other variable decreases

31
Q

What is zero correlation?

A

No relationship between variables

32
Q

What is difference between correlation and experiment?

A

Ex : Establish cause and effect

Correlation; Relationship between variables

33
Q

How to analyse correlational analysis values?

A

+/- -positive or negative correlation

close to 1 - strong

closer to 0 - weaker

if -1 to -0.7 - statistically significant

0.7 to 1 - statistically significant

34
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of correlation

A
  1. Useful point for research as assess strength and direction of relationship so provide precise measurements - if strongly suggested it would suggest hypothesis
  2. No cause and effect are casual as they may be other intervening variables explaining relationship
35
Q

What is normal disturbtion?

A

Symmetrical spread of freq data forming bell-shape pattern

Mean

median

mode

located at highest peak

36
Q

What is skewed disturbution?

A

A spreaf of frequency data that is not symmetrical

data clusters to one end

37
Q

What is positive skew?

A

Type of disturbition in which long on positive right side of peak and most of disturbition is concentrated on lleft

38
Q

What is negative skew?

A

Type of disturbition in which long is on negative (left) side and peak and most disturbition concentrated on right

39
Q

Features of normal disturbition

A
  1. Mean , median and mode is exact midpoint
  2. Disturbition is symmetrical around midpoint
  3. Disperison of scores of midpoint express in SD
40
Q

Graph of normal , positive , negative disturbition

A
41
Q

Instructions of sign test:

A
  1. Conver the following into + , - , =
  2. Total number of + , -
  3. Total value of S: (lowest value of + and -)
  4. Value of N (total number of scores ignoring =)
  5. Compare N value with critical value
  6. Calculated S = or less than critical value to be significant
42
Q

What determine + - =

A

Minus column

if negative number -

If positive +

If equal =

43
Q

What is sign test look for?

A
  • Look for difference of scores (not correlation)
  • Used repeated measure experimental design
  • Data organised in categories (nominal data)
44
Q

What does 0.05 accepted probability

A

5% likely that difference due to chance

45
Q

What should my critical value be?

A

EQUAL or LESS than table deemed signification (IV cause change in DV)

46
Q

What is Peer Review?

A

When a psychological work is assessed by specialist in the same field to ensure any research intended fro publication is of high quality

47
Q

What does peer review involve?

A

The written aprt of an investigation scuntiised by small group.

These experts unknown to researcher should be objective and not influenced by their personal viewpoints/opnions

48
Q
A

AS Research Methods (18 decks)

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