Section 3 Flashcards
What is the importance of storytelling in PH initiatives?
Can create an emotional response in an audience that raises awareness of PH initiatives among key audiences and inspires and motivates people to act.
What should you do to prepare for a media interview?
By understanding the topic, audience, interviewer.
Stay focus on the key message
Avoid using jargon or technical language
Be honest and direct
If you don’t know the answer, say so
What is a communication package?
A collection of related communication materials and messages designed to achieve a specific objective. It includes various materials: fact sheets, brochures, press releases, etc.
What is the primary role of social media in public health communication?
Opportunities to modify health behavior, promote behavior and choices that positively affect people’s general well-being
Key Message (elevator pitch)
-Memorable sentence or 2 that conveys exactly what you want your target audience to know and understand
-Limit your key messages to 3
-Short and concise
-Memorable; simple and original
-Focused on specific topic; Avoid overexplaining or including lots of background information
-Consistent
-Tailored to the needs of the audience
-Keep the bigger picture in mind
Talking points
-Fact, figure, or story that supports a key message
-Talking points to help explain a complicated event or issue
-Supported with research
-Keep talking points to 5 or fewer key messages
-Talking points offer more insight
-Points prove the key message to be true
-Easy to understand, jargon-freed
Write Clearly
-Use active voice to keep content engaging, clear, and brief
-Replace jargon and scientific terms with simple terms (e.g. African American vs minority)
-Group info using headings; keep material scannable by using meaningful titles
-Make your material look appealing; use bullets and headings to chuck info, use images that support text, and avoid lots of white space.
Storytelling
-use positive words that highlight the success and draw the reader in. Avoid jargon
-Short synopsis
-briefly describe how your org solved the problem identified
-Use bullet points to highlight each success or lesson learned. Concise and simple takeaways
-Make the story relevant on a national level
-Include contact info
-include references and info that may be helpful when developing material based on the story
Design and layout
Use a clear visual hierarchy
-create path for the eye
i) most import info in the left top quadrant
-Distinct text size, color, and placement
i)Bigger text signals importance
-Different levels of info by making titles and headings bold or larger
-Group headings and related text together
-Use sans-serif typefaces (Calibri); easier to read
-16 px or larger on web and at least 12pt for print document(bigger is always better)
-Use fonts with open counter space
-Limit use of italics and all caps; use boldface to highlight important text
Writing a fact sheet
- Target audience
-be specific - What do you know about their health literacy skills
-what level of detail - My goal
-what do you want people to think, feel, or do after reading? - Main message
Policy changes
When new health policies or regulations are introduced, public health professionals must explain the implications and benefits to ensure understanding and compliance.
Health campaigns
Public health professionals lead campaigns on issues like vaccination, mental health, or healthy lifestyles, educating the public about the importance of these initiatives.
Research findings
Public health professionals share new research findings that can influence public health practices or policies.
Misinformation
In the era of social media, public health professionals play a crucial role in debunking health-related myths and misinformation.
Resource allocation
Public health professionals communicate with stakeholders about the need for resources in specific health sectors or regions.
Health crises
During pandemics, disease outbreaks, or natural disasters, public health professionals provide critical information about risks, preventive measures, and response strategies.
Hippocratic Writings (c. 460–370 BCE)
Developed the Humoral Theory, which linked health to the balance of bodily fluids (blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile).
First Emphasis on Disease Prevention (Ancient Greece)
Focused on lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and sanitation to maintain health.
Public Bathing and Sanitation Practices (Ancient Greece)
The Greeks emphasized cleanliness and built public baths to promote hygiene.
Ancient Romans (Ancient Greece)
First advanced water systems and hygiene practices
The Black Death (1347–1351) (Middle Ages)
The bubonic plague killed over 25 million people in Europe, leading to early public health measures like quarantine.
Religious Influence on Health (Middle Ages)
Many diseases were believed to be divine punishment, leading to reliance on prayer rather than medical interventions.
Creation of Quarantine Measures (1377) (Middle Ages)
Venice established the first quarantine station, requiring ships to wait 40 days before docking to prevent disease spread.
Rise of Public Health Legislation (Middle Ages)
in response to recurring epidemics, laws started to be introduced in various European cities to enforce quarantine and isolation during outbreaks of disease. The first
What was put in place at the end of the Middle Ages to stop spread of disease? (Middle Ages)
Regulation of food at public markets
What 3 events happened during the Renaissance era? (14-1500)
- Scientific Revolution & Anatomy Studies
- First Public Health Boards (Italy, 15th Century) – City-states like Venice created public health offices to manage sanitation and disease outbreaks.
- Gutenberg’s Printing Press (1440s) – Allowed for faster spread of medical knowledge and public health ideas.
Andreas Vesalius (Renaissance)
revolutionized the understanding of the human body, contributing to the foundations of medicine that would later inform public health policies. The study of disease transmission and the importance of hygiene also started to take shape.
John Graunt’s “Bills of Mortality” (1662)
(Enlightenment)
Developed early statistical methods to track causes of death, laying the foundation for epidemiology.
Edward Jenner’s Smallpox Vaccine (1796)(Enlightenment)
Introduced the first vaccination, a major breakthrough in disease prevention.
Edwin Chadwick’s Sanitary Report (1842)
(Industrial Revolution and Victorian Era )
Linked poverty to poor health, advocating for clean water, sewage systems, and better housing.
Germ Theory of Disease (1860s–1880s) (Industrial Revolution and Victorian Era )
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch proved that microorganisms cause disease, transforming medicine and public health. Joseph Lister was also involved.
John Snow (mid 1800s (Industrial Revolution and Victorian Era )
First large-scale public health efforts in London called the “sanitation movement of London” to improve sanitation and hygiene and address Cholera outbreak
NYC Health Department (1870)
Industrial Revolution and Victorian Era
Influenza Pandemic (1918)
Modern public health
Major public health crisis that caused fear and advanced hygiene
The Creation of the World Health Organization (WHO) (1948)
Modern public health
Jonas Salk’s Polio Vaccine (1953)
Modern public health
Assessment
Assess/Monitor/Diagnose health problems/Research *new treatment
Policy Development
Inform/Educate/Empower/*Develop laws/regulations
Assurance
Research on *current treatments, Training HCWs, *Enforce laws/regulations, *Link to health services
Determinants of Health
Genetics refers to the study of genes and heredity, which are crucial in determining various aspects of an individual’s health. Genes, composed of DNA, carry information that influences the development and functioning of a person’s body.
Behavior refers to the actions and choices individuals make that can have either positive or negative impacts on their well-being. These actions can include lifestyle choices, daily habits, and health-related decisions.
Environmental and physical influences refer to the conditions in the external surroundings that can impact an individual’s well-being. These factors encompass both the natural environment and the built environment where people live, work, and play.
Medical care refers to the access, quality, and use of healthcare services that individuals receive to prevent, diagnose, treat, and manage their health conditions. The availability and effectiveness of medical care are significant in determining health outcomes for individuals and communities.
Social factors encompass the social and economic conditions in which people live, work, and interact and includes political factors. These factors are crucial in shaping health outcomes and influencing individuals’ overall well-being.
Which of the following actions would most directly affect the environmental component of the epidemiological triangle in controlling the spread of a waterborne disease?
A) Installing a public vaccination program to prevent the disease
B) Providing education on the benefits of handwashing to reduce disease transmission
C) Implementing a sewage treatment system to prevent contamination of water sources
D) Distributing antibiotics to those already infected with the disease
Implementing a sewage treatment system to prevent contamination of water sources
Which of the following are examples of tertiary prevention interventions in public health? (Select two)
A) Offering weight loss surgery to patients with severe obesity
B) Providing cancer screenings for early detection
C) Offering physical therapy to patients recovering from a major surgery
D) Conducting vaccination campaigns to prevent infectious diseases
E) Providing support groups for individuals with chronic illnesses
F) Educating the public on the dangers of smoking to prevent lung cancer
-Offering physical therapy to patients recovering from a major surgery
Providing support groups for individuals with chronic illnesses
Which of the following best illustrates health equity as opposed to health equality? (Select two)
A) Providing the same health insurance coverage to all citizens, regardless of income level
B) Allocating additional resources to underserved communities to address higher health risks
C) Offering the same number of mental health counselors to every school district
D) Ensuring that everyone has the same access to clean water and sanitation
E) Providing targeted healthcare services based on specific community needs to reduce health disparities
Allocating additional resources to underserved communities to address higher health risks
Providing targeted healthcare services based on specific community needs to reduce health disparities
Which of the following statements correctly describes one of Koch’s postulates for establishing a causal relationship between a microorganism and a disease?
A) The microorganism must be present in all healthy individuals, but not in those who are diseased.
B) The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased host and grown in pure culture.
C) The microorganism must only be found in the environment, not in the host organism.
D) The disease must occur in all individuals who are exposed to the microorganism, regardless of their immune status.
-The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased host and grown in pure culture.
Which of the following interventions best illustrates the assurance function of public health?
A) Implementing a public education campaign about the dangers of smoking
B) Conducting research on the effectiveness of new cancer treatments
C) Monitoring the quality of drinking water to ensure it meets safety standards
D) Providing flu vaccines to vulnerable populations during flu season
Providing flu vaccines to vulnerable populations during flu season
Which of the following are features of the STLT Gateway (State, Tribal, Local, and Territorial Gateway) in public health?
A) Provides a platform for federal agencies to directly manage local health initiatives
B) Allows state, tribal, local, and territorial health departments to access resources, data, and tools for public health practice
C) Offers an online database exclusively for tracking individual patient health records
D) Functions as a central hub for global health organizations to share international disease data
E) Enables the public to directly report health issues and diseases in their communities to local authorities
Allows state, tribal, local, and territorial health departments to access resources, data, and tools for public health practice
Which of the following interventions best reflects the principles of the Ecological Model in public health, as opposed to the Health Belief Model or the Stages of Change Model?
A) A community program that encourages smoking cessation by addressing individual beliefs about the risks of smoking, the benefits of quitting, and the barriers to quitting, while also providing information about local support resources.
B) A public health campaign that targets people at various stages of readiness to quit smoking, offering different strategies for pre-contemplation, contemplation, and action stages.
C) A workplace wellness initiative that includes policy changes (e.g., smoke-free zones), social support from coworkers, and individual counseling to help employees quit smoking.
D) A school program that focuses on educating students about the dangers of smoking and providing them with resources to quit, without considering the broader social and environmental influences on their behavior.
A workplace wellness initiative that includes policy changes (e.g., smoke-free zones), social support from coworkers, and individual counseling to help employees quit smoking.
Ecological Model
PH focuses on multiple levels of influence on health behaviors, including:
Individual (knowledge, attitudes, skills)
Interpersonal (family, friends, social networks)
Organizational (workplaces, schools)
Community (cultural values, norms)
Policy (laws and regulations)
Which of the following descriptions best represents active surveillance?
A) Healthcare providers report cases of a disease to public health authorities based on routine reporting requirements, with minimal intervention from public health staff.
B) Public health authorities proactively contact healthcare providers or institutions to gather specific case data, often using case definitions and targeted investigations.
C) Public health officials use data from emergency departments and clinics to track symptoms or syndromes, such as fever and cough, to detect potential outbreaks before laboratory confirmation.
D) Local health departments collect data from health records, focusing on patterns of chronic diseases in the population over long periods, without the need for immediate response.
Public health authorities proactively contact healthcare providers or institutions to gather specific case data, often using case definitions and targeted investigations.
Syndromic surveillance
Focuses on s/s, not confirmed dx
public health monitoring method that collects and analyzes real-time or near real-time data on symptoms (syndromes)—before a confirmed diagnosis is made—to detect potential outbreaks or public health threats early.
Which of the following strategies are most appropriate for a public health social media campaign? (Select all that apply)
A) Sharing short, engaging posts with infographics and visuals to encourage healthier behaviors in the target population.
B) Posting detailed scientific data and statistical models explaining the epidemiology of a disease in a formal tone.
C) Creating video content featuring personal stories and testimonials from influencers impacted by a health issue to build empathy and raise awareness.
D) Posting fact sheets with comprehensive background information and technical language on disease prevention.
A) Sharing short, engaging posts with infographics and visuals to encourage healthier behaviors in the target population.
C) Creating video content featuring personal stories and testimonials from influencers impacted by a health issue to build empathy and raise awareness.
Which of the following definitions correctly distinguishes between prevalence and incidence?
A) Prevalence measures the total number of cases of a disease, both new and existing, in a population at a given point in time, while incidence measures the number of new cases that develop during a specific time period.
B) Prevalence refers to the number of new cases of a disease in a population during a specific time period, while incidence refers to the total number of existing cases in a population at a given point in time.
C) Incidence measures how long a disease lasts in a population, while prevalence tracks how quickly a disease spreads among individuals.
D) Prevalence tracks the number of cases of a disease in a population over a lifetime, while incidence tracks only cases that are diagnosed during the annual flu season.
Prevalence measures the total number of cases of a disease, both new and existing, in a population at a given point in time, while incidence measures the number of new cases that develop during a specific time period.
