Section 1 Flashcards
Disease prevention stages?
- Primordial
- Primary
- Secondary
4.Tertiary
5.Quaternary Prevention
Primordial Prevention
Risk factor reduction is targeted towards an entire pop through focus on social and enviro conditions
Primordial Prevention example
Improving access to safe sidewalks in urban areas to promote physical activities and decrease obesity and CVD
Primary Prevention?
Physical activity/lifestyle changes=complete prevention of disease
Primary Prevention examples
limit risk or increase immunity
immunizations
Secondary Prevention?
Screening/case identification/treatment=identify and treat cases
Early disease detection
Patho changes but no overt s/s that can be dx by PCP
Secondary Prevention example
Pap smear for cervical CA screening
Tertiary Prevention?
Trauma Prevention/Rehab, i.e. physical therapy after stroke=prevent further health issues after diagnoses
Aimed to reduce severity of a disease and associated sequelae
Tertiary Prevention example
Stroke rehab
Quaternary Prevention
Protecting pt from medical interventions where the risk outweigh the benefits
Quaternary Prevention example
antiarrhythmic rx after MI that reduce arrhythmias however increase mortality
Hygiene Movement
Focus sanitation and PH in 1830-1840
What is primary focus of PH ?
Promote better health, improving, and protecting community health
What is the main goal of PH professionals in their mission to improve health of all people?
Prevention, promotion, and protection measures
-prevent epidemics and spread of disease
-protecting against enviro hazards
-preventing injuries
-promoting healthy behaviors
-responding to disasters and assisting communities in recovery
-ensuring the quality and access of health services
Contagion Control 1880-1940s
Germ theory, vaccinations, sanatoriums
Industrial Age
What does the term health disparities refer to?
Differences in health outcomes among different populations
What is the primary role of PH professionals in address health disparities?
implementing community-level interventions
What does the term determinants of health mean?
Social, econ, enviro, and behavioral factors influencing health
Public Health
the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through organized community effort
Preventing Epidemics and the spread of disease
involves monitoring the community’s health to identify health problems and potential threats
-vaccination programs
-promoting hand hygiene
-educating the public about infectious diseses
Protecting against environmental hazards
ensuring the safety of air, water, and food supplies. Radiations and toxic chemicals
Preventing injuries
Promoting safety in the workplace, at home, and in public spaces. Prevent accidents; Traffic safety laws and safe work practices
Promoting and encouraging healthy behaviors
education and community programs
-promoting physical activity
-healthy eating
-tobacco cessation
Responding to disasters and assisting communities in recovery
preparing for responding to natural disasters, disease outbreak, and bioterrorism event
-coordinating er efforts
-providing support to the community during recovery
Ensuring the quality and accessability of health services
ensuring that all individuals have access to high-quality health services and advocating for policies that improve health access, quality, and affordability.
Which historical period is often considered the starting point of PH practices?
Ancient Greece
What are the structural types of PH management systems in the US?
-Centralized
-Decentralized
-Mixed-Structure system
-Shared PH
What is a significant contribution of the American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes to PH in the US ?
Indian Health Services
Which PH challenge is increasing d/t the climate change?
-spread of infectious disease
-alters ecosystems
-affects food production
-exacerbates extreme weather events
What distinguishes Healthy People 2030 from its predecessor, Healthy People 2020?
Greater emphasis on addressing social determinants of health
Advancing health equity
Integrating a more holistic understanding of well-being
Leveraging data and tech for effective interventions and monitoring
Flexibility to accommodate emerging health challenges
How do stakeholders and partners interconnect with the public health system?
Media- facilitates information dissemination
Employers and businesses impact the health of their employees and communities
Government agencies- shape policies and city planning
Academia- provides education and research to advance PH knowledge and practice
Which public health measure was put in place at the end of the Middle Ages for the purpose of mitigating the spread of disease?
Bubonic plague pandemic.
Regulation on livestock and slaughterhouses
Food regulations at public markets
Guidelines for the length of time specific food products could be sold
Decrease foodborne illness
Isolation-separation from healthy individuals from those actively ill
Ships entering port were segregated to prevent intro of new diseases, leading to the term QUARANTINE, meaning 40day(Italian).
germ theory (Louis Pasteur & Robert Koch):
diseases are caused by microorganisms(bacteria and viruses). Its development and acceptance were a significant turning point in the hx of medicine
miasma theory(Rome-19th century):
diseases are caused due to “bad air” or environmental factors (replaced by germ theory).
centralized public health structure
A system in which decision-making, coordination, and resource allocation for initiatives are concentrated within a single, overarching authority at the national or central level; in general, employees of a state lead public health efforts and the state manages financial matters.
Pros & Cons Centralized PH structure
Pro
Uniformity and consistency in public health measures.
Implementation and response to health challenges cohesive.
Streamline decisions
Cons
One-size-fits-all approach
Diverse community and intervention no specific
Bureaucratic inefficiencies and delays to rapidly evolving health situation
Lack of community and grassroots engagement
Feeling disempowered
Decentralized
A system characterized by the distribution of decision-making, coordination, and resources allocation for initiatives across multiple levels, typically involving regional, state, or local authorities with a degree of autonomy.
Pros & Cons Decentralized
Pro:
DHHS shape policies and interventions based on the specific needs of their communities
Respond swiftly to local nuances and emerging health challenges
Targeted interventions and promotion are effective and culturally sensitive due to their knowledge of community dynamics
Fosters collaboration between public health officials and local residents
Structures facilitate innovation, flexibility, and adaptability
Con:
Coordinating efforts across multiple jurisdictions can be challenging, leading to potential disparities in quality and availability of healthcare services
Overall efficiency of responses during emergencies could be compromised due to varied approaches.
Fragmented public health efforts- lacing cohesive and unified statewide strategy
Resource allocation could be uneven- potentially inadequate support compared to others.
Balance between local autonomy and federal
Mixed-Structure system
a combination of state and local health departments. State health provide overarching guidance and support. Local entities retain significant autonomy to tailor interventions to the specific needs of their communities. Pooling of resources, expertise, and data making comprehensive in coordinating responses.
A system that combines elements of both centralized and decentralized approaches, involving a coordinated effort between national, regional, and local levels to address initiatives while maintaining a balance of authority and autonomy
Pros & Cons Mixed Structure
Pro:
Potential to have a balance between uniformity and localized responsiveness
Statewide policies implementation where it is crucial while allowing local adaptations to address unique community health needs.
Encourages innovation and experimentation at local level
Cons:
Communication and coordination challenges; balancing diverse perspectives and priorities
Variation of implementation of public health measures across different regions can pose challenges in achieving equitable health
Resource allocation disparities
Shared PH structure
federal, state, local governments, and private organizations.
A system that involves collaborative decision-making, coordination, and resource allocation for initiatives, where responsibilities and authority are distributed between state and local entities, including private orgs.
Shared PH structure
federal, state, local governments, and private organizations.
A system that involves collaborative decision-making, coordination, and resource allocation for initiatives, where responsibilities and authority are distributed between state and local entities, including private orgs.
Pros & Cons shared PH structure
Pro:
Potential for comprehensive resource mobilization
Enhance the overall capacity to respond to public health issues.
More holistic understanding of health challenges and development of effective, evidence based interventions.
Standardized practices and protocols- fostering consistency
Clearer communication, improved coordination, and more seamless response during emergencies.
Dissemination of best practices, innovations, and promoting
Con:
Bureaucratic complexities
Maintaining agility and responsiveness
Decision-making processes might involve multiple layers of approval
Infectivity
the ability of an pathogen to establish an infection within a host
pathogenicity
the capacity of an agent(pathogen) to cause disease in a host
Virulence
The degree to which a pathogen can cause serve disease in a host; high virulence implies that the pathogen can cause significant harm.
Antigenicity
the ability of an pathogen, particularly its antigen, to induce an immune response in the host
What are the essential services of pH under the core function of assessment?
These cannot be delegated to other agencies or NGOs
Monitor population health status, factors that influence health, and community needs and assets
Investigate, diagnose and address health problems and hazard affecting the population
What does the overall system of public health in the United States involve?
Centers of Disease Control (CDC) & Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
-Disease control and prevention
-Guidance on health hazards of toxic exposures
National Health Institute(NIH)
-Biomedical research enterprise
FDA
-Food safety, medical devices, drug efficacy, and drug safety pre-/post- approval
HRSA- Health Resources and Services Administration
-Equitable access
-Community health centers, HIV services, and scholarships for health professionals.
AHRQ
-improve outcomes and quality of health care
SAMHSA-Substance Abuse and Mental
Health Services Adminstration
-Improve availability of prevention, treatment, and rehab for substance abuse and mental illness
Indian Health Services (IHS)
-Provides direct healthcare and public health services to federally recognized tribes.
What does the STLT Gateway provide resources for?
Explore national public health initiatives, strategies, and action plans organized by health topics, fostering a comprehensive understanding of the scope of PH efforts.
What are the three core public health functions according to the National Academy of Medicine?
Assessment: obtaining data that defines the overall population’s health and specific groups within the population.
-the new and persisting health problems
involves the collection and analysis of info regarding health problems. PH professionals research health conditions, potential risks, and resources for communities related to healthcare and prevention
Policy development: developing evidence-based recommendations
-Analyses options
i)Health policy analysis
-Implementation
i)Educate and mobilize community partnerships
Uses the information gathered by those assessing PH to create policies that goven it. This involves the process of information sharing, consulting, and citizen participation to decide on PH measures.
Assurance: governmental PH oversight responsibility for ensuring that key components of an effective health system, including health care and public health, are in place, even though the implementation will often be performed by others.
Involves active initiatives to ensure communities are healthy and protected.
Essential Assessment Services
- Assess and monitor pop health status, factors that influence health, and community needs and assets
Example:Vital stats health surveys (STI) - Investigate, diagnose, and address health problems and hazard affecting the pop
Example:Epidemic investigation (COVID-19)
Essential Policy Services
- Communicate effecgtively to inform and educate ppl about health factors that influence it, and how to improve it
Example: anti-tobacco campaigns
4.Strengthen, support, and mobilize communities and partnerships to improve health
Example:Lead testing and exposure education
5.Create, champion, and implement policies, plans, and laws that impact health
Ex: Newborn PKU
Essential Assurance Services
- Use legal and regulatory actions designed to improve and protect PH
Ex: Local-Fluoridation and chlorination of water; State- nursing home regulations; Federal-FDA drug and food safety
7.Assure an effective system that enables equitable access to individual services and care needed to be healthy.
Ex: Community Health Center
8.Build and support a diverse and skilled PH workforce.
Ex Licensure of MD, RN, and other health professionals
9.Improve and innovate PH functions through ongoing evaluation, research, and continuous QI.
Ex Development of evidence-based recommendations
10.Build and maintain a strong org infrastructure of PH
Ex NIH, CDC, AHRQ
Assessment
the first core PH fx, in which official eval the current state
Policy Development
The second core PH fx, in which officials and stakeholders create policies and reg to address PH challenges
Assurance
The 3 cord PH fx, in which officials and stakeholders enforces policies and reg to ensure that the health of the individuals and pop is supported
