Section 3 Flashcards
What are the factors that should influence which material you select for a product?
-Functionality
-Availability
-Aesthetics
-Cost of materials
-Environmental factors
-Social factors
-Ethical factors
-Cultural factors
What are some environmental factors that should influence the choice of material?
-Choosing recyclable materials
-Choosing biodegradable materials
-Choosing renewable materials
-Choosing materials that can be re-used
-Choosing sustainable materials
What are some functionality factors that should influence the choice of material?
-Making sure the material is strong enough
-Making sure it is easy to work with
(How the product will be used and the demands that will be made on the material)
What are some aesthetic factors that should influence the choice of material?
-Colour
-Surface finishing
-Texture
-Making sure the aesthetics appeal to your desired audience
What are some cost factors that should influence the choice of material?
-How much you’re going to sell the product for
-The amount of each material you’ll use
-How many products you’re making
What are some social factors that should influence the choice of material?
-Using Fairtrade materials
-Using recycled materials
-Making sure you act in a way that benefits society
-Not using too much land
What are some ethical factors that should influence the choice of material?
-Animal products may be seen as unethical so synthetic fibres could be seen as an alternative
-Logos like the FSC show a product has come from a responsibly managed forest
Why are widely available materials ideal?
-Quicker and easier to get your hands on
-Less expensive
-Less available materials may need to be delivered from far away which adds cost and waiting time
What are some cultural factors that should influence the choice of material?
-Make sure you take into account the views and feelings from that culture if you’re targeting a specific audience
-For example black is seen as bad luck in China
What is stress?
-Force per unit area measured in N/m squared
What is tension force?
-Forces that stretch an object and pull it apart
-Like a tug of war rope
What is compression force?
-Forces that are directed towards one another which squash and shorten objects
-For example bridge supports and chair legs
What is shear force?
-When forces act in opposite directions but they aren’t aligned
-This causes objects to slide past each other
-For example scissors or guillotines (industrial cutting machines)
What is torsion force?
-Torsion acts to twisting objects
-The forces attempt to rotate different parts of a material in opposite directions
-For example propeller shafts which spin and drive ships forwards
Why do some materials need to be reinforced?
To resist different types of forces
What are the different ways in which you can reinforce an object?
-Laminating
-Interfacing
-Webbing
-Bending
-Folding
What is laminating?
-A process in which one or more layers are added to a material to form a composite
-Used to increase strength and rigidity
-For example plywood is made from layers of wood that are glued together
What are interfacings?
-Extra layers of fabric stuck or sewn onto the inside of products
-Used in collars, pockets and cuffs
What is webbing?
-A fabric that is woven in a way that gives a high tensile strength
-Used in tow ropes, climbing harnesses and seatbelts to overcome the tension force
What is bending (reinforcing)?
-Used to reinforce and stiffen materials
-For example the middle fluted layer of corrugated card is made up of a series of bends to add strength and rigidity
-Important for packaging heavy loads
What is folding (reinforcing)?
-The bending of a flexible materials so that 2 sides of the bend are flat against each other
-A line called a crease or fold occurs between them
-Along a fold a material is more flexible
What is one off production?
When just one complete product is produced
What is batch production?
When a limited number of the same product is made during a particular period of time
What is down time?
When a machine has stopped working and no products are being made. This could be due to maintenance or the fact the machine has developed a fault
What is mass production?
Manufacturing large quantities over a long period of time. This uses a production line
What is continuous production?
Runs constantly and is highly automated
Facts about one off production?
-The workforce is highly skilled
-Expensive way to make things
-Labour intensive and takes alot of time to make a product
-For example making wedding dresses
Facts about batch production?
-Machinery and workforce used needs to be flexible
-Down time wastes money as you’re not making anything you can sell
-Templates, jigs and moulds are often used to make sure products are identical
-Used to make chairs
Facts about mass production?
-Often uses expensive specialised equipment and CAM/CAD
-Workers are low skilled
-Robots are increasingly used in assembly lines
-Used to make newspapers, magazines and cars
Facts about continuous production?
-Runs 24 hours a day with no interruption
-As it wold be too expensive to keep stopping and restarting the process
-Pretty much entirely automated
-Very few workers are needed
-Cost per item is cheap
-Used for aluminium foil
Where do softwoods come from?
-Cool northern parts of Europe
-Canada
-Russia
Where do hardwoods come from?
-Central Europe
-West Africa
-Central and South America
What is the Forest stewardship council?
A non governmental organisation dedicated to promoting responsible management of the world’s forests and ensure trees are replanted once cut down
What is a baulk cut on timbers?
-The simplest form of conversion
-The trunk is cut into a square or rectangular section
-This removes bark and evens up the trunk
What are the uses of baulk cut timber?
Beams in construction of timber based buildings
What is a through and through cut on timbers?
-The most popular form of conversion
-Involves sawing the trunk into planks
-Cost effective however can lead to warping and twisting
-Used mainly in softwoods
What are the uses of a through and through cut?
Many areas of general joinery
What is a tangential cut?
-The trunk is cut tangentially to the circular trunk
-This produces an attractive grain pattern and the wood is less likely to warp
-Used for both softwoods and hardwoods
What are the uses of a tangential cut?
-Furniture
What is a quarter cut?
-Complex method of conversion
-Produces a lot of waste
-Expensive
-Bad for the environment
-Trunk is cut radially from the centre
-Used mainly for expensive hardwoods
What are the uses of a quarter cut?
-High quality furniture
Define felling
The process of cutting a tree down
Define the FSC
Forest stewardship council
Define conversion
The process of sawing a tree trunk into planks
What are the 4 methods of conversion?
-Baulk cut
-Through and through cut
-Tangential cut
-Quarter cut
Define green timber
Wood that has not been seasoned
Define air seasoning
A natural method of drying out green timber
Define kiln seasoning
A relatively quick method of drying out green timber using steam
Why do you need to season timbers?
-As high moisture content makes timber harder to work with
-Therefore we need to remove that moisture as otherwise it will warp, twist and split
How long does it take to air season a 25mm thick plank of wood?
1 year
What are the different types of saw?
-Rip saw - Used for cutting wood along the grain
-Tenon saw - For making straight cuts in small pieces of wood
-Hacksaw - For metals and plastics
-Coping saw - For cutting curves in wood or plastic
What are chisels used for?
-To cut away and shape wood and metal
How would you use a wood chisel?
You hit them with a mallet
What are gougers used for?
-Sculpting
Which chisel would you use for metals?
-Cold chisel and you would hit it with a hammer
What is the function of a plane?
-Used for shaving off thin layers of material
-Used on wood
What are the two types of file?
Rough cuts - Removal of material
Smooth cuts - Finishing (final smoothing)
What is the use of a bradawl?
-To press it into a material
-It will create a small dent
-Making it easier to drill as it stops the drill bit from slipping
-They can ONLY be used of wood and plastic
What are twist bits on drills?
-Used to drill small holes in wood, metal or plastic
What are flat bits on drills?
-Used on wood and plastics to drill large, flat bottomed holes
-Forstner bits make similar holes but can only be used in machine drills - they have a greater accuracy
What is a countersink bit on drills?
-They’re used to make holes for countersunk screw heads to fit in
What are hole saws on drills?
-Like round saws
-Used to make big holes in thin material
Define marking out
The process of applying a drawing on to a material
Define face side/face edge (Datum edge)
The surface of a piece of wood that is known to be straight and true
Define template
A 2D shape that aids cutting out a shape
Define Jig
A 3D device that aids a production process
Define dimensional tolerance
The difference between maximum and minimum acceptable size
Define moisture content
The amount of moisture in a timber
Define laminating
A method of bending wood by slicing wood into thin veneers and gluing back together
Define steam bending
A method of bending wood by steaming, bending and cooling
Define wood turning
A method of making a wood blank round
Define quality control
Checks put in place to see if the product meets the given standards
What is kerfing?
-The process of bending wood by creating saw cuts called kerfs on to one side of wood
-This allows the wood to be bent into a simple curve
