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Section 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the factors that should influence which material you select for a product?

A

-Functionality
-Availability
-Aesthetics
-Cost of materials
-Environmental factors
-Social factors
-Ethical factors
-Cultural factors

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2
Q

What are some environmental factors that should influence the choice of material?

A

-Choosing recyclable materials
-Choosing biodegradable materials
-Choosing renewable materials
-Choosing materials that can be re-used
-Choosing sustainable materials

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3
Q

What are some functionality factors that should influence the choice of material?

A

-Making sure the material is strong enough
-Making sure it is easy to work with
(How the product will be used and the demands that will be made on the material)

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4
Q

What are some aesthetic factors that should influence the choice of material?

A

-Colour
-Surface finishing
-Texture
-Making sure the aesthetics appeal to your desired audience

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5
Q

What are some cost factors that should influence the choice of material?

A

-How much you’re going to sell the product for
-The amount of each material you’ll use
-How many products you’re making

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6
Q

What are some social factors that should influence the choice of material?

A

-Using Fairtrade materials
-Using recycled materials
-Making sure you act in a way that benefits society
-Not using too much land

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7
Q

What are some ethical factors that should influence the choice of material?

A

-Animal products may be seen as unethical so synthetic fibres could be seen as an alternative
-Logos like the FSC show a product has come from a responsibly managed forest

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8
Q

Why are widely available materials ideal?

A

-Quicker and easier to get your hands on
-Less expensive
-Less available materials may need to be delivered from far away which adds cost and waiting time

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9
Q

What are some cultural factors that should influence the choice of material?

A

-Make sure you take into account the views and feelings from that culture if you’re targeting a specific audience
-For example black is seen as bad luck in China

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10
Q

What is stress?

A

-Force per unit area measured in N/m squared

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11
Q

What is tension force?

A

-Forces that stretch an object and pull it apart
-Like a tug of war rope

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12
Q

What is compression force?

A

-Forces that are directed towards one another which squash and shorten objects
-For example bridge supports and chair legs

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13
Q

What is shear force?

A

-When forces act in opposite directions but they aren’t aligned
-This causes objects to slide past each other
-For example scissors or guillotines (industrial cutting machines)

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14
Q

What is torsion force?

A

-Torsion acts to twisting objects
-The forces attempt to rotate different parts of a material in opposite directions
-For example propeller shafts which spin and drive ships forwards

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15
Q

Why do some materials need to be reinforced?

A

To resist different types of forces

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16
Q

What are the different ways in which you can reinforce an object?

A

-Laminating
-Interfacing
-Webbing
-Bending
-Folding

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17
Q

What is laminating?

A

-A process in which one or more layers are added to a material to form a composite
-Used to increase strength and rigidity
-For example plywood is made from layers of wood that are glued together

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18
Q

What are interfacings?

A

-Extra layers of fabric stuck or sewn onto the inside of products
-Used in collars, pockets and cuffs

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19
Q

What is webbing?

A

-A fabric that is woven in a way that gives a high tensile strength
-Used in tow ropes, climbing harnesses and seatbelts to overcome the tension force

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20
Q

What is bending (reinforcing)?

A

-Used to reinforce and stiffen materials
-For example the middle fluted layer of corrugated card is made up of a series of bends to add strength and rigidity
-Important for packaging heavy loads

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21
Q

What is folding (reinforcing)?

A

-The bending of a flexible materials so that 2 sides of the bend are flat against each other
-A line called a crease or fold occurs between them
-Along a fold a material is more flexible

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22
Q

What is one off production?

A

When just one complete product is produced

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23
Q

What is batch production?

A

When a limited number of the same product is made during a particular period of time

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24
Q

What is down time?

A

When a machine has stopped working and no products are being made. This could be due to maintenance or the fact the machine has developed a fault

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25
What is mass production?
Manufacturing large quantities over a long period of time. This uses a production line
26
What is continuous production?
Runs constantly and is highly automated
27
Facts about one off production?
-The workforce is highly skilled -Expensive way to make things -Labour intensive and takes alot of time to make a product -For example making wedding dresses
28
Facts about batch production?
-Machinery and workforce used needs to be flexible -Down time wastes money as you're not making anything you can sell -Templates, jigs and moulds are often used to make sure products are identical -Used to make chairs
29
Facts about mass production?
-Often uses expensive specialised equipment and CAM/CAD -Workers are low skilled -Robots are increasingly used in assembly lines -Used to make newspapers, magazines and cars
30
Facts about continuous production?
-Runs 24 hours a day with no interruption -As it wold be too expensive to keep stopping and restarting the process -Pretty much entirely automated -Very few workers are needed -Cost per item is cheap -Used for aluminium foil
31
Where do softwoods come from?
-Cool northern parts of Europe -Canada -Russia
32
Where do hardwoods come from?
-Central Europe -West Africa -Central and South America
33
What is the Forest stewardship council?
A non governmental organisation dedicated to promoting responsible management of the world's forests and ensure trees are replanted once cut down
34
What is a baulk cut on timbers?
-The simplest form of conversion -The trunk is cut into a square or rectangular section -This removes bark and evens up the trunk
35
What are the uses of baulk cut timber?
Beams in construction of timber based buildings
36
What is a through and through cut on timbers?
-The most popular form of conversion -Involves sawing the trunk into planks -Cost effective however can lead to warping and twisting -Used mainly in softwoods
37
What are the uses of a through and through cut?
Many areas of general joinery
38
What is a tangential cut?
-The trunk is cut tangentially to the circular trunk -This produces an attractive grain pattern and the wood is less likely to warp -Used for both softwoods and hardwoods
39
What are the uses of a tangential cut?
-Furniture
40
What is a quarter cut?
-Complex method of conversion -Produces a lot of waste -Expensive -Bad for the environment -Trunk is cut radially from the centre -Used mainly for expensive hardwoods
41
What are the uses of a quarter cut?
-High quality furniture
42
Define felling
The process of cutting a tree down
43
Define the FSC
Forest stewardship council
44
Define conversion
The process of sawing a tree trunk into planks
45
What are the 4 methods of conversion?
-Baulk cut -Through and through cut -Tangential cut -Quarter cut
46
Define green timber
Wood that has not been seasoned
47
Define air seasoning
A natural method of drying out green timber
48
Define kiln seasoning
A relatively quick method of drying out green timber using steam
49
Why do you need to season timbers?
-As high moisture content makes timber harder to work with -Therefore we need to remove that moisture as otherwise it will warp, twist and split
50
How long does it take to air season a 25mm thick plank of wood?
1 year
51
What are the different types of saw?
-Rip saw - Used for cutting wood along the grain -Tenon saw - For making straight cuts in small pieces of wood -Hacksaw - For metals and plastics -Coping saw - For cutting curves in wood or plastic
52
What are chisels used for?
-To cut away and shape wood and metal
53
How would you use a wood chisel?
You hit them with a mallet
54
What are gougers used for?
-Sculpting
55
Which chisel would you use for metals?
-Cold chisel and you would hit it with a hammer
56
What is the function of a plane?
-Used for shaving off thin layers of material -Used on wood
57
What are the two types of file?
Rough cuts - Removal of material Smooth cuts - Finishing (final smoothing)
58
What is the use of a bradawl?
-To press it into a material -It will create a small dent -Making it easier to drill as it stops the drill bit from slipping -They can ONLY be used of wood and plastic
59
What are twist bits on drills?
-Used to drill small holes in wood, metal or plastic
60
What are flat bits on drills?
-Used on wood and plastics to drill large, flat bottomed holes -Forstner bits make similar holes but can only be used in machine drills - they have a greater accuracy
61
What is a countersink bit on drills?
-They're used to make holes for countersunk screw heads to fit in
62
What are hole saws on drills?
-Like round saws -Used to make big holes in thin material
63
Define marking out
The process of applying a drawing on to a material
64
Define face side/face edge (Datum edge)
The surface of a piece of wood that is known to be straight and true
65
Define template
A 2D shape that aids cutting out a shape
66
Define Jig
A 3D device that aids a production process
67
Define dimensional tolerance
The difference between maximum and minimum acceptable size
68
Define moisture content
The amount of moisture in a timber
69
Define laminating
A method of bending wood by slicing wood into thin veneers and gluing back together
70
Define steam bending
A method of bending wood by steaming, bending and cooling
71
Define wood turning
A method of making a wood blank round
72
Define quality control
Checks put in place to see if the product meets the given standards
73
What is kerfing?
-The process of bending wood by creating saw cuts called kerfs on to one side of wood -This allows the wood to be bent into a simple curve

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