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Training Manual > Section 26 > Flashcards

Section 26 Flashcards

1
Q

Spectators must remain________ from the helicopter.

Emergency vehicles must remain _______ from the helicopter until ____________.

A
  • 200 ft
  • 150 ft
  • until instructed by the pilot or crew members.
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2
Q

Approaching the helicopter.

A
  • do not approach unless escorted by the pilot or crew members
  • if uneven ground approach from the downhill side
  • do not raise anything above your head and crouch while in the vicinity of the helicopter.
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3
Q

The Landing Zone coordinator.

A

The Landing Zone coordinator must remain on site from the time of initial request, until the helicopter departs.

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4
Q

Landing zone dimensions

A

150 ft X 150 ft

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5
Q

Vehicle placement for landing zone

A

Pace a minimum of 2 vehicles, beyond each end of the designated landing zone, perpendicular to the intended landing zone, i.e. road, clear section of field. This is to prevent site access to other vehicles. Ideally, emergency vehicles are used to box in the area.

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6
Q

Personnel to guard the landing zone.

A

Personnel should also be in place to prevent access to the landing zone.

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7
Q

Time the landing zone should be cleared by.

A

Vehicles and personnel are strictly prohibited from the landing zone for a minimum of 3 mins prior to the estimated time of arrival until there is positive and definitive indication for the flight crew that it is safe to enter the landing zone.

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8
Q

Dusty or fresh snow

A

dusty - fire dept should wet down area to prevent zero visibility during landing
fresh snow - should be packed down or if this is not possible, warn the aircrew of loose or powder snow conditions.

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9
Q

Flares and hoses

A

Do not use flares or other objects to outline the landing zone
FFs should not lay out hoses, any hoses that have been laid must be charged

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10
Q

The following items within a 360 radius should be relayed to the flight crew prior to landing.

A
  • tress
  • utility poles
  • wires
  • ditches
  • signs
  • any object that the helicopter could dislodge
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11
Q

Hazmats and helicopters

A

-When hazmats are present, the landing zone should be located upwind of the incident and outside the hot zone. The rotor downwash could spread hazmats over 100m. Avoid choosing low lying areas for landing zones that could allow vapours to collect.

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12
Q

PPE when helicopter is landing

A
  • eye protection
  • hearing protection
  • helmet with visor down and chin strap fastened
  • jacket and pants to cover bare skin.
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13
Q

Beds Bugs

A

are small insects that feed on the blood of mammals and birds

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14
Q

Welts from bed bugs

A

do not have a red spot in the centre - those welts are more characteristic of flea bites

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15
Q

Procedures for getting rid of bed bugs

A
  • when it is colder than -4c, place the mattresses and furniture outside for several hours to kill bed bugs, Temps below -4c will freeze and kill bed bugs
  • Wash all bedding, draperies and clothing in ht water on a regular basis
  • Vacuum and steam-clean carpets
  • use insecticides to get rid of bed bugs that are hiding in walls and other large objects
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16
Q

Check for bed bugs in the following areas:

A
  • behind the headboard
  • in the seams and tufts of the mattress, and around or inside the box spring
  • along the crevices of bedroom baseboards, especially the baseboard below the headboard inside and around nightstands
  • behind or within other items or cracks in the bedroom - window and for casings, pictures and holdings, nearby furniture, loosened wallpaper, and cracks in plaster and partitions and clutter
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17
Q

Washing items infested with bed bugs

A

Washing items in hot water and drying them on the highest dryer setting will kill bed bugs

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18
Q

Heat release of elements found in residential and commercial construction

A

The decorative furnishings and materials which are now found in buildings are increasingly manufactured from synthetics which create almost twice the rate of heat released (16,000 btu) as conventional natural products (8,000 btu).
-Compounded with todays more energy efficient buildings, which tend to retain heat better.

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19
Q

Structure vs. Contents Fires

A

While contents fire still presents a significant flashover hazard, it does not have the associated collapse hazards. Likewise, the consumption of the structure by fire results in the creation of openings that significantly affect ventilation, particularly with the use PPV.
-FFs need to identify whether fire is structure or contents only and adjust their tactics accordingly.

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20
Q

Dead loads

A

weight of the building itself and all its structural members - includes any equipment permanently attached or built in

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21
Q

Added Dead loads

A

dead loaded added or attached to a building after its initial construction - buildings are not always engineered for added dead loads

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22
Q

Live Loads

A

Loads other than dead loads or loads that can be moved - Partitions, file cabinets, furniture

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23
Q

Added live loads

A

unanticipated live load which may be added to an existing live load - FFs on a roof or water from fire streams

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24
Q

Dead loads vs. Live loads

A

dead loads can be accurately calculated - live loads are estimated based on the projected use of the building, and variables such as rain snow or wind - fire resistive buildings anticipated application of fire streams is also anticipated and accounted for to qualify for the rating.

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25
Q

Impact loads

A

loads delivered over a short period of time - overturning heavy safes or FFs jumping on the roof - if parts of a building system begin to collapse, this wi;; represent an impact load, which can result in further collapse

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26
Q

Static loads

A

live loads, which are applied slowly and are then not moved - heavy safe

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27
Q

Repeated Loads

A

live loads which are applied intermittently - bridge crane which applies repeated loads to the columns as it passes over them

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28
Q

Wind load

A

force applied to a building or structural member by the wind

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29
Q

Concentrated Loads

A

heavy loads located at one point in a building over a small contact area. - beam resting on a wall is a concentrated dead load - a safe is a concentrated live load.

30
Q

Suspended Loads

A

loads can be suspended by slender tensile members connected to beams or other members - can be hazardous due to limited mass and will fail faster

31
Q

Imposition Loads

A

Loads classified in the manner they are imposed on the building - axial - force that passes though the centre of the section and is evenly applied and perpendicular to the structure, eccentric - force applied not to the centre of a supporting column or wall but is perpendicular to the plane of intersection, torsional - forces that are offset from the centre of the section and have a tendency to twist the supporting member.

32
Q

Wood

A

hard compact fibrous substances found between the pith and bark of a tree.

33
Q

Composite wood

A

refers to components made from wood products and at least one other product such as adhesive, plastic or carbon

34
Q

LVL - laminated veneer lumber

A

is an engineered wood product composed of glued wood veneer layers - also known as structural composite lumber (SCL)

35
Q

Parallel Strand lumber

A

is a high strength structural composite lumber composed of glued wood strands

36
Q

Reaction of wood and composite wood to heat

A
  • will vaporize as fuel and will burn when ignition temperature is reached
  • as wood is heated the fibres tend to decompose through pyrolysis making them weaker
  • wood will be consumed as a fuel by fire gradually weakening and failing
  • rate of consumption is affected by density, moisture content age and thickness
  • resins, glues and plastics found in composite wood materials may burn hotter and supply the products required for flashover
  • Composite components will fail rapidly under fire conditions often with very little warning.
37
Q

Masonry

A

can be defined as naturally occurring or processed stone minerals
includes:
-whole natural stone held together by mortar
-brick (clays moulded then baked) held together by mortar
-concrete (pebbles and sand bonded by cement) pureed into formed for shape or moulded into blocks and held together with mortar

application:
-found in major structural components in most fire resistive, noncombustible and ordinary types of construction

reaction to heat:

  • Absorbs heat and weakens
  • May spall, crack or burst
38
Q

Differentiate between brick veneer and structural brick wall

A

brick veneer can usually be differentiated from a solid brick construction by the lack of header bricks, which are found on a solid brick walls. Solid brick walls have regularly (typically every 6th row) courses of header bricks, which are bricks turned the other way to tie the 2 layers of bricks together

39
Q

Steel

A

refined alloy of carbon and iron possibly with other minerals
application:
-structural components for most fire resistive and non combustible buildings and in the foundations of most fire resistive buildings
-may also be used as the principal beam in modern wood frame

reaction to heat:

  • Conducts heat but will not vaporize as a fuel
  • Expands or elongates between 800-1000 F and may push through any barrier
  • loses 40% of its strength at 1000 F
  • Can fail at 1200 - 1500F
  • will cool when exposed to water and regain some strength
40
Q

Reinforced Concrete

A

composite concrete material with steel mesh or rods embedded internally throughout. the steel helps provide the concrete with tensile strength.

application:

  • major structural components in most fire resistive and non combustible buildings and in some ordinary construction.
  • as foundation, reinforced concrete is used for most fire resistive and non combustible construction and in some ordinary construction
41
Q

Cast Iron

A

hard alloy of iron, carbon, and silicon poured molten into the desired form. It can be used for columns, beams, and pipes in older construction
-very rare in newer buildings

42
Q

Aluminium

A

refined lightweight metallic element

-exterior finish - never used for major structural components, foundations or non-load bearing partitions.

43
Q

Glass

A

refined sand and potash/soda or other materials to produce a transparent hard but brittle material.
-never used for structural components or foundations

44
Q

Composites

A

manufactured materials to replace glass and to form into strong economical custom components for finishes
-never used for major structural components foundations or non-load bearing partitions.

45
Q

Gypsum (Dry Wall)

A

made from hydrated minerals and manufactured to make sheets of plaster and paper.
applications:
-in all types of building constructions - never used for major structural components, foundations or exterior finishes

46
Q

Asbestos

A

natural fibrous silicate mineral that can be woven into a non-combustible fabric. I can be manufactured into sheets, wraps, sprays and floors wall and ceiling tiles

47
Q

A beam

A

is a horizontal member, subject to compression, tension and shear. Beams may be supported by one of 3 methods and may be fixed or propped.

48
Q

Simple beam

A

is supported at 2 points near it ends, however the ends are not attached - subject to rotation

49
Q

Continuous Beam

A

is supported at its ends and at least on other point, usually near the centre

50
Q

Cantilever Beam

A

supported at only 1 end and projects beyond its support at 1 end - supported end held in a ridged position - balconies and fire escapes

51
Q

Joist

A

a horizontal beam(usually wood) used a floor or roof beam

52
Q

Lintel

A

is steel, concrete, stone, or wood horizontal beam, which spans an opening in a masonry wall and is usually load-bearing

53
Q

Girder

A

large principal beam of steel, precast concrete, wood or a combo of these, used to support other structural members at isolated points along its length. - considered primary structural elements along with columns and bearing walls

54
Q

The 3 primary structural elements

A

girders, columns, bearing walls

55
Q

Columns

A

a vertical structural member designed to carry a compressive load in the direction of the member. - round columns are more effective than rectangular columns - strength determined width and height of the column - does not need to be solid

56
Q

Walls

A

transmit the compressive forces applied along the top, or received at any point on the wall to the ground - load bearing or non-load bearing - non load bearing will carry a load of some part of the structure, plus the weight of the wall itself - non load bearing only support the weight of the wall itself.

57
Q

Firewall

A

may be an interior or exterior wall that runs from the foundation of a building to the roof or above, constructed to stop the spread of fire.

58
Q

Foundations

A

all loads are ultimately delivered to the ground through the foundation - the weight of the structure and the nature of the ground determine the foundation - almost all are concrete

59
Q

Floor assemblies are composed of 3 main framing systems

A

1-Lumber (lumber floor framing system)
2-I-jost (I-joist flor framing system)
3-Truss (truss floor system)

60
Q

Fire Cut Joists

A

the end of the joist is cut off at an angle to allow the joist to fall out of the wall without damaging the wall.

61
Q

There are 5 standard types of building construction in use today that are recognized by NFPA - the order is based on the most fire resistive to the least fire resistive - the types are

A

1-Fire Resistive - structural members, including walls, partitions, columns and floor and roof construction are of non-combustible or limited combustible materials - dangers large undivided spaces, and disorientation due to smoke
2-Non Combustible - walls, partitions and structure members are of non combustible const. not qualifying as fire resistive const. - exposed steel members - danger is collapse due to wide spread use of unprotected steel beams, girders or trusses. - sound tactic is use of water to cool steel members from outside the collapse zone.
3-Ordinary - exterior walls are of noncombustible materials and roofs, floors, and interior framing are wholly or partly of wood. Columns and beams are of wood, iron or steel with or without fire resistive coverings - burn fiercely and offer practically no resistance to fire
4-Heavy timber(mill) - exterior walls and bearing walls are of non-combustible or limited combustible materials, columns, beams and girders are heavy timber, solid or laminated, floor and roof const. are of wood without concealed spaces - dangers massive fuel load
5-Wood framed - exterior walls, bearing walls and partitions, floor and roof construction and their supports are of wood or other combustible materials, when construction does not qualify as heavy timber construction or ordinary construction.

62
Q

2 basic designs of wood frame construction

A
  • framing
  • platform construction

todays codes require that either balloon frame or platform construction have the same fire stopping. this was not he case in older buildings.

63
Q

Balloon Construction

A
  • wall studs run from the basement or ground floor to the roof in one continuous length
  • identified by the exterior observing narrow windows that are aligned with other windows or doors between the studs
  • area between the studs, when closed in by interior and exterior sheathing, provides a vertical channel from the basement to the roof
  • years ago sawdust of shavings were used for insulation or no insulation was used at all
  • lime was used to prevent insects from destroying the wood, but lime if it got wet heated up and could ignite the sawdust and/or shavings between the walls.
64
Q

Platform Construction

A

-flooring of each story can be used as a platform on which to work while erecting additional walls and partitions - each story of the building is built as a separate unit, the sub-floor being laid before the sidewalls are raised.

65
Q

From the fire service perspective there are 2 significant concerns when fighting fire in structure using lightweight building materials

A
  • Mass

- design

66
Q

Trusses

A
  • framed structure consisting of a triangle or group of triangles
  • provide for long spans without walls or columns allowing for a large variety of uses
  • compressive connecting members are called struts - the tensile connecting members are called ties - the top and bottom members of a truss are called chords
  • 3 types - bowstring, pitched or peaked, parallel chord
  • sheet metal fasteners called gussets or gang nails - create serious hazards for fire service - depth into wood is 3/8 -1/2”
67
Q

Wooden I beams or I joists are increasingly being specified in floors and roof structures. They are preferred by builders because they

A
  • reduce the need for lateral support(bridging)
  • they can be fabricated into lengths that are longer than conventional lumber
  • required fewer partition(bearing) walls and fewer joists to install
  • can be cut to the exact length required on the site
  • are less prone to deflection and have a wide range of uses

Consist of 3 main components - a top and bottom chord, and a plywood stem - the stem is joined to the top and bottom chords by a continuous glued edge joint. either 2X4 or 2X3 are used as chords.

68
Q

When fire occurs in a building, a potential exists for the following

A
  • destruction of the building and/or the buildings contents
  • extension of the fire to other buildings
  • death or injury of the buildings occupants, and or firefighters
  • partial or total collapse of the building
69
Q

The fire fighters must be aware of the following types of structural abuse

A
  • subjecting the buildings to loads, which it was not designed for
  • structural modifications by unqualified workers and/or contractors
  • deterioration
  • the destructive forces of fire
70
Q

Over the life of a building, the forces of nature (wind, rains, temperature changes, ground settling etc) can alter the structure. These forces include

A
  • the erosion of mortar in brick walls
  • rust and corrosion of exposed metals
  • the rotting of wooden structural members
71
Q

Fireground Tactics regarding PV systems

A
  • Components are always hot - always consider PV systems and their components as electrically energized
  • Operate normally, but do not touch - follow normal ff tactics - but be aware there is energized equipment. - approach with awareness, caution and understanding to assure that conditions are maintained as safely as possible
  • Size-up, identify and validate hazard - identify the type and extent of a solar power system during the emergency is critical to properly addressing the hazards.
  • Stress key message for tactical approach, especially large commercial systems - tactical approach to PV equipment in a building with a structure fire needs to be stressed with fireground personnel - stay clear, serious injury can occur
  • Leave the scene in a safe condition -address and mitigate hazards

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