Section 2: Sexual anatomy, Response an Health Issues Flashcards
What happens at 5-6 weeks for development of the embryo?
Primitive gonads are forming, along with the ducts and external genitals
What happens at 7 weeks for development of embryo?
differentiation begins to happen - soon you can tell male or female
What hormones are responsible for male development and where are they produced?
Androgens, esp testosterone is produced in the testes
What hormone imbalance will lead to female development?
Lack of androgens
Testes and ovaries begin at the same place, which is high in the abdomen but where do they end up?
Ovaries will descend to pelvis, while testes go to the scrotal sac
What are the female and male equivalent parts?
Female ---> Male Glans of clit = glands of penis shaft of clit = shaft of penis hood of clit = foreskin on penis labia majora = scrotal sac labia minora = underside of penis shaft skene glands = prostate gland bartholins glands = cowpers glands ovaries = testes
Mons veneris (f)
fatty tissue that exists and covers joint of pubic bones in front of the body, below abdomen and above clitoris, it functions to cushion a womens body during intercourse
labia majora (f)
large folds of skin running downward from the mons along sides of vulva, here exists lots of nerve endings that respond to stimulation, as well they shield inner portions of female genitals
Labia Minora (f)
membrane located between major lips, surrounding vagina and urtheral opening, and at the top they joi the hood of the clit, has many blood vessels and nerve endings, highly sensitive during sexual pleasure, and they will darken and swell when aroused
Clitoris (f)
consists of a shaft, and glands that are located above urethra opening, and it does not have a known purpose other than sexual pleasure
Prepuce of Clitoris (f)
Hood cover of the clitoral shaft
Urethral opening (f)
opening where the urine will pass through
Vaginal opening (f)
also known has introitus, the hymen is a fold of tissue across the vaginal opening, and remains intact at least partially until the women engages in intercourse
Pubo coccygeus muscle (f)
this is the muscle that encircles the entrance into the vagina, this muscle is important for child birth, and fecal and urinary comptence, women with these muscles stregthened are more likely to orgasm and will have a more intense orgasm, childbirth weakens the area while sex makes this area stronger
Vagina (f)
extends back and upward from the opening, and is usually 3-5 inches long at rest
cervix (f)
has walls that produce secretions contributing to the healthy chemical balance of vagina, during childbirth is when the cervix will expand in order for the child to pass through
Uterus (f)
this is the place where the fertilized ovum will implant and develop until birth. has 3 linings
Endometrium (f)
innermost layer of the uterus, and is richly supplied with blood vessels and glands. during menstruation, this lining will shed and exit through the cervix, then through the vagina
Endometriosis
This happens when endometrial tissue will grow in the abdominal cavity, or somewhere else in the reproductive system, a common sign and symptom of this is menstrual pain
Myometrium (f)
second layer of the uterus, giving the uterus flexibility and strength, and also responsible for creating powerful contractions that will propel the fetus during labor
Perimetrium (f)
fibrous third, and outermost layer of the uterus, providing external cover
Fallopian tubes (f)
tubes that are connect the ovaries to the uterus, and serves for the ovum to travel from the ovaries to the uterus, and to convey the sperm from the uterus toward the ovary
The ovaries (f)
they produce ova (egg cells) and female hormones (estrogen, and progesterone)
Hysterectomy (f)
when the uterus is removed through surgery, a complete hysterectomy involves removing, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix and uterus
Breasts (f)
each breast will contain 15-20 clusters of milk producing mammary glands, and each gland opens at the nipple through the duct
areola (f)
this are contains smooth muscle fibres, making the nipple become erect when they contract, this area will become dark during pregancy, and remain dark after delivery, and there are oil producing glands in the areola to help lubricate nipples during breast feeding
penis (m)
male sex organ
corpus cavernosum (m)
cylinders of spongy tissue in the penis that becomes filled with blood, and stiffens during sexual arousal
Corpus spongiosum (m)
spongy body running along the body of the penis, which contains the urethra, and enlarges at the tip of the penis to form glans
corona (m)
ridge separating the glans from the body of the penis
- most sensitive area of the penis
frenulum (m)
sensitive strip of tissues connecting the underside of the the penis glands to the shaft
scrotum (m)
pouch of loose skin, that becomes covered lightly with hair at puberty, and the scrotum consists of two compartments that hold the testes
spermatic cord contains - vas deferens, and the cremaster muscle, the dartos muscle is the middle layer of the scrotum
testes (m)
- secrete sex hormones (testosterone)
- produce mature sperm
Testosterone (m)
it is secreted by interstitial cells, which are also known as being leydigs cells, this hormone is responsible for differenation of male sex organs, sperm production and development of secondary sex characteristics (beard, deep voice etc.)
Vas deferens (m)
each epididymis (found in the testes) empties into vas deferens, which is a thin long tube that serves as a passage way for mature sperm
vasectomy (m)
right and left vas deferens are severed - to become sterile
seminal vesicles (m)
they are small glands, that lie behind the bladder opening into the ejaculatory ducts, where the fluids ejaculated are combined with sperm, the fluid produced by seminal vesicles are rich in sugar, nourishing sperm and helps them to be active or motile
prostate gland (m)
lies beneath the bladder, and contains muscle fibres along with glandular tissue secreting prostatic fluid, which is milky and alkaline which serves to neutralize some of the acidity of the vaginal tract, helping the sperm survive as it travels inside the female
cowpers glands (m)
also known as bulbouretheral glands
- lie below the prostate
- empty their secretion into urethra
- during sexual arousal, they will secrete slippery fluid appearing at the urethral opening
- function of doing so is not clearly known
What are the four stages of the sex response cycle suggested by masters and johnson?
- excitement
- plateau
- orgasm
- resolution
What are the three stages to the sex response cycle suggested by Kaplan?
- Desire
- Excitement
- Orgasm
Sex Response Cycle : Desire (1)
- desire is drive and interest level for sexual activity
- key hormone is testosterone for both men and women
- fantasy and the right stimulation of the senses will trigger desire
Sex Response Cycle : Excitement (2)
- Both sexes will go through the same sort of things such as muscle tension, increased heart rate and blood pressure
- sex flush and nipple erection often happen, often a lot more noticeable in women
- women: engorgement of clitoris, labia and vagina, vagina becomes lubricated, uterus becomes elevated and enlargement, as well the breasts will become enlarged
- men: penis erection, enlargement and elevation of testes, and cowper glands secretions (sometimes)
Sex Response Cycle : Plateau (3)
- increased mytonia, hyperventilation, heart rate, blood pressure
- women: clit withdraws under the hood, and labia minora will deepen in color, uterus becomes fully elevated, and areolas become swollen
- men: corona becomes engorged, and testicles continue elevation and enlargement, active cowpers glands
Sex Response Cycle : Orgasm (4)
- involuntary muscle spasms occur throughout the body, and most significant in vagina and penis
- peak of blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration
- females will orgasm for slightly longer
- male orgasm happens in emission and explusion
Orgasm: Emission stage
- contraction of prostate
- contraction of seminal vesicles and upper part of vas deferens (ampulla)
- because of these contractions, seminal fluid is pushed into prostatic part of urethral tract
- a small tube (urethral bulb) balloons out as the muscles close at either end, which traps semen
Orgasm: Explusion stage
- seminal fluid is pushed through urethra, and urethral opening at tip of the penis
- muscles at the base of the penis and elsewhere will contract rhythmically, forcefullying expelling semen
- generally this is where the most pleasure comes from orgasm
Retrograde ejaculation
this happens when ejaculate empties into the bladder, instead of being expelled from the body
Sex Response Cycle : Resolution (5)
body is returned to non excited stage
What are some differences between male and female regarding the sexual response cycle?
- women will show more variability in their sex response pattern
- multiple orgasms happen with greater frequency in females, more often while masturbating than during coitus
- men do not show as much variability
- the refractory period happens between orgasms, and present in only the male cycle, it will become longer as the male becomes older
Health Issues: Male circumcision
the foreskin of the penis is surgically removed, and therefore the glans of the penis are fully exposed, reasons for doing so are hygiene, religious or cultural
Health Issues: Female Circumcision
there are different variations of how a female can be circumcised, some examples would include removing the hood of the clit, removing the entire clit, and sometimes labia minora, and parts of the labia majora are also removed
Health Issues : Menstruation
shedding of the endometrium lining, when fertilzation has not happened
Health Issues : PMS
combination of bodily and psychological symptoms that affect women during 4-6 day interval preceding their menstural periods
Health Issues : Cervical Cancer
suggested that from late teens or even earlier if sexually action, women should have an annual pelvic exam done by a physician
- most frequent exams should be done for women who are over 35 , or taking birth control
Health Issues : Breast cancer
Self examination: women should be checking if there are any suspicious lumps, and this should be done one week after menstruation, once a month
- mammograms can be done annually after 50 , or earlier if there is a family history of breast cancer
Health Issues : Testicular cancer
- most common cancer in men between ages of 29-35 years of age
- self examinations should be done once a mouth after a shower, so scrotum is relaxed
Health Issues : Prostate cancer
Incidence rate of 1 in 8 men
and it is the second most common form of cancer for men behind skin cancer, more men get prostate cancer then women getting breast cancer
