Section 2 - Question Set 1

Question 1

Alluvium

Answer 1

Any material deposited by running water; the soil material of floodplains and alluvial fans. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 2

Aquifer

Answer 2

Any subsurface material that holds a relatively large quantity of groundwater and is able to transmit that water readily. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 3

Baseflow

Answer 3

The portion of streamflow contributed by groundwater; it is a steady flow that is slow to change even during the rainless period. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 4

Carrying Capacity

Answer 4

The level of development density or use that an environment is able to support without suffering undesirable or irreversible degradation. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 5

Clustering

Answer 5

A land development concept in which buildings and infrastructure are grouped together, and large contiguous areas of open space remain undeveloped. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 6

Coefficient of Runoff

Answer 6

A number given to a type of ground surface representing the proportion of rainfall converted to overland or surface flow. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 7

Detention

Answer 7

A strategy used in stormwater management in which runoff is detained on-site to be released later at some prescribed rate. - Site Analysis, James LaGro
(designed to hold water temporarily)

Question 8

Drainage Basin

Answer 8

The area that contributes runoff to a stream, river, or lake. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 9

Easement

Answer 9

A right-of-way granter, but not dedicated, for limited use of private land for a public or quasi-public purpose. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 10

Ecotone

Answer 10

The transition zone between two groups, or zones, of vegetation. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 11

Eutrophication

Answer 11

The increase of biomass of a water body leading to infilling of the basin and the eventual disappearance of open water. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 12

Feasibility Study

Answer 12

A type of planning aimed at identifying the most appropriate use of a site. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 13

Hydric Soil

Answer 13

Soil characterized by wet conditions, or saturation, most of the year - often organic in composition. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 14

Infiltration Capacity

Answer 14

The rate at which a ground material takes in water through the surface; measured in inches or centimeters per minute or hour. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 15

Lacustrine Wetland

Answer 15

A wetland associated with standing water bodies such as ponds, lakes, and reservoirs. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 16

Microclimate

Answer 16

The climate of small spaces, such as an inner city, a residential area, or a mountain valley. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 17

Mitigation

Answer 17

A measure used to lessen the impact of an action on the natural or human environment. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 18

Mitigation Banking

Answer 18

In wetland mitigation planning, the practice of building surplus acreage of compensation credits through replacement, enhancement, restoration, and/or preservation of wetlands. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 19

Palustrine Wetland

Answer 19

Wetlands associated with inland sites that are not dependent on streams, lakes, or oceanic water. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 20

Peak Discharge

Answer 20

The maximum flow of a stream or a river in response to an event such as a rainstorm, or over a period of time such as a year. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 21

Percolation Rate

Answer 21

The rate at which water moves into soil through the walls of a test pit; used to determine soil suitability for wastewater disposal and treatment. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 22

Planned Unit Development (PUD)

Answer 22

An area planned, developed, operated, and maintained as a single entity containing one or more structures and common areas; it may include multiple land uses (for example, commercial or residential). - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 23

Rational Method

Answer 23

A method of computing the discharge from a small drainage basin in response to a given rainstorm; computation is based on the coefficient runoff, rainfall intensity, and basin area. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 24

Rainfall Intensity

Answer 24

The rate of rainfall (measured in inches or centimeters) of water deposited on the surface per hour or minute. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 25

Retention

Answer 25

A strategy used for stormwater management in which runoff is retained on-site in basins, underground, or released into the soil. - Site Analysis, James LaGro (designed to hold a specific amount of water indefinitely)

Question 26

Riparian Wetland

Answer 26

Wetlands that form on the edge of a water feature such as a lake or stream. - Site Analysis, James LaGro  

Question 27

Siltation

Answer 27

The deposition of sediment in water due to soil erosion and stormwater runoff. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 28

Stream Order

Answer 28

The relative position, or rank, of a stream in a drainage network. Streams without tributaries, usually the small ones, are first order; streams with two or more first order tributaries are second order, and so on. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 29

Steps of the Site Selection Process

Answer 29

1. Clarify project objectives and requirements (housing, park, restoration, business, mixed-use) 2. Determine site selection criteria (size, cost, transportation, market) 3. Identify potential sites 4. Evaluate each site's sustainability (constraints and opportunities) 5. Rank the sites and select the best site 6. Conduct a feasibility study of the selected site (acquisition, design, permitting,  maintenance) - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 30

Site Conditions

Answer 30

Does the site provide adequate conditions/substrate for the project? Physical constraints or essential attributes and legal or regulatory restrictions or benefits (zoning) Example: Shallow depth to groundwater presents issues with construction of the building and underground utilities. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 31

Contextual Factors

Answer 31

Is the proposed project compatible with the surroundings? Market or service area (the community, nearby amenities, the compatibility of proposed use with the existing use) and physical conditions (access to utilities, transportation, schools) Example: United States prisons criteria include located to attract qualified professional staff of racial and ethnic origins compatible with the inmates - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 32

A successful programmer will ...

Answer 32

1. Communicate the proposed process to all involved 2. Not lock in preconceived solutions 3. Reconcile sub-component needs with the overall organizational goal and resources 4. Frequently test and review design concepts - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 33

Areas of Focus for Data Collection for Programming

Answer 33

1. Site and context 2. User needs and preferences 3. Design precedents - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 34

Post-Occupancy Evaluation

Answer 34

The process of evaluating buildings (or landscapes) after they have been built and occupied for some time. Less common for outdoor spaces. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 35

Functional Relationships/Spatial Relationships

Answer 35

The desired spatial relationships among programmed uses may be determined from client surveys, reviews of literature, or other sources. Programs may include activities or uses that are relatively incompatible. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 36

Factors to Evaluate Value of Trees 

Answer 36

1. Tree size 2. Tree species 3. Tree condition or health 4. Tree location - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 37

ASTM Phase One Environmental Site Assessment (ESA)

Answer 37

Summarizes the site's ownership and land use history, in addition to current soil and groundwater conditions. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 38

"Euclidean" Zoning

Answer 38

The traditional zoning method that rigidly separating residential uses from non-residential uses. Contributes to urban sprawl and fosters land consumptive development patterns that make transportation by walking or public transit virtually impractical. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 39

Subdivision Ordinances

Answer 39

Sets the minimum requirements for parcel size, setbacks, number and location of street access points, and other similar requirements. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 40

Aspect

Answer 40

The direction a slope faces. Variation in slope and aspect influence the amount of solar radiation received by the site on a daily and seasonal basis. This is important for passive or active solar heating. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 41

Important Soil Attributes

Answer 41

1. Acidity/Alkalinity (pH) 2. Permeability 3. Erosion potential 4. Depth to seasonally high water table 5. Depth to bedrock - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 42

Important Atmospheric Conditions

Answer 42

1. Temperature (minimum, maximum, and day/night variation) 2. Humidity (low, high, and average) 3. Wind (maximum, average, and direction) 4. Rainfall (monthly totals and maximum for any one day) 5. Snowfall (monthly totals and maximum for any one day) 6. Solar radiation (monthly average) - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 43

Elements That Define a Wetland

Answer 43

Hydrology, vegetation, and soils - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 44

Three Typical Wetland Categories

Answer 44

1. Areas with hydrophytes and hydric soil (marsh, swamp, bog) 2. Areas without soils but with hydrophytes (aquatic bed, seaweed covered rocky shore) 3. Areas with out soil and without hydrophytes that are periodically flooded (gravel beach, tidal flat) - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 45

Steps of Project Programming

Answer 45

1. Initiate the project 2. Develop the project mission and objectives 3. Determine the project's operational and physical requirements 4. Document and present the program to the client - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 46

Elements of a Site Inventory

Answer 46

1. Physical Attributes (topography, parcel shape and size, geology, soils, hydrology, and climate) 2. Biological Attributes (ecological communities, exotic species, wetlands, trees, wildlife) 3. Cultural Attributes (history, land use, regulations, public infrastructure, and neighborhood character) - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 47

Comprehensive Plan

Answer 47

Community level "vision" statements about how a community intends to grow and develop, typically over a twenty to thirty year period. Usually addresses housing, transportation, utilities, natural and cultural resources, and economic development. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 48

Basic Function of Development Regulations 

Answer 48

To protect public health, safety, and welfare. Regulations that exceed this have been challenged in court and generally the government must provide "just compensation" to the affected land owner. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 49

Access Easement

Answer 49

Ensures physical access to or across a site from adjacent properties. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 50

Utility Easement

Answer 50

Provides physical access to install, replace, and maintain a utility system infrastructure (such as power lines) - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 51

Conservation Easement

Answer 51

Restricts development potential and preserves open space. They are often used to protect hiking trails and other recreational areas or to maintain important ecosystem functions (such as groundwater recharge or connectivity) - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 52

Scenic Easement

Answer 52

Protects vistas and viewsheds by preventing development that blocks or degrades those views. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 53

Solar Easement

Answer 53

Protects solar access to adjacent property. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 54

Typology to Explain How People Perceive the Built Environment

Answer 54

1. Edges (shorelines, roads, hedges) 2. Paths (streets and sidewalks) 3. Districts (neighborhoods) 4. Nodes (entrances, plazas, street intersections) 5. Landmarks (unique buildings, structures, or natural features) - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 55

Neighborhood Character

Answer 55

The context of the existing site. Including: the use, design, and placement of buildings, arrangement of streets and walkways, land use, and the use, design, and placement of outdoor spaces. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 56

Sanborn Map

Answer 56

Detailed city maps that include building height, building footprint, street names, number of stories per building, building construction materials, building use, and other building attributes. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 57

Ten Perceptions of Landscape

Answer 57

1. Nature (fundamental) 2. Habitat (adaptation) 3. Artifact (utilitarian) 4. System (dynamic, equilibrium) 5. Problem (challenge, flawed) 6. Wealth (property 7. Ideology (values) 8. History (legacy) 9. Place (locality, experience) 10. Aesthetic (beauty) - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 58

Steps of Suitability Analysis

Answer 58

1. Identify suitability criteria for each anticipated land use 2. Collect and map the relevant site attribute data 3. Identify and map the site locations with attribute values that meet the suitability criteria for the targeted land use - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 59

Attributes that Make Up a  Place's Character

Answer 59

1. Location (within the site and the neighborhood) 2. Scale 3. Mix (uses and their connections) 4. Time (places change with the time of day or year and over generations) 5. Movement (quality, convenience, and speed) - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 60

Precepts of Context-Sensitive Design

Answer 60

Design with Nature Design with Culture Design places for people - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 61

Conceptual Design

Answer 61

This phase of the project considers the program, community goals, and site and contextual conditions. The result is multiple concept plans that explains the intended functional relationships among the site and project components. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 62

Steps of Conceptual Design 

Answer 62

1. Delineate primary and secondary conservation areas 2. In the remain site areas, delineate the locations that are suitable for development 3. Within the areas suitable for development, delineate the developable areas 4. Locate the primary and secondary circulation systems, considering the size and shape of the developable areas - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 63

Three Major Site Components of a Concept Plan

Answer 63

1. Open Space 2. Circulation Systems 3. Developable Areas ("pods" or envelopes) - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 64

Linear Pattern of Circulation

Answer 64

Walkway systems are commonly used for recreational corridors; may parallel natural features such as streams, rivers, or oceanfront. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 65

Grid Pattern of Circulation

Answer 65

Walkways parallel street networks in urban areas; advantages include ease of orientation and flexibility in route selection. - Site Analysis, James LaGro  

Question 66

Loop Pattern of Circulation

Answer 66

Walkway may connect and organize a series of open spaces, a cluster of buildings, or other activity nodes. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 67

Radial Pattern of Circulation

Answer 67

Walkways converge to form intersections that can be designed as plazas, squares, or other important pedestrian nodes. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 68

Spiral Pattern of Circulation

Answer 68

Walkway is appropriate for ceremonial processions that descend or ascend toward a special destination; common in sculpture gardens, memorials, and other contemplative outdoor spaces. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 69

Design Development

Answer 69

The refinement or "articulation" of the concept plan. Communicates the spatial organization of the site, including open space, circulation systems, and buildings. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 70

Five Actions of Sustainable Site Planning

Answer 70

1. Protect the environment from unnecessary impact 2. Restore environmentally degraded areas 3. Reuse already developed sites 4. Build compact, distinctive, walkable places 5. Conserve resources - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 71

Three Major Principles of Composition

Answer 71

1. Unity - repetition, simplicity, rhythm, and proportion 2. Balance - visual "weight" and scale 3. Emphasis - contrast (to add interest or create focal points) and hierarchy - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 72

Rectilinear Theme

Answer 72

One of three primary geometric themes. Elements are organized by straight lines, right angles, and squares and rectangles. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 73

Angular Theme

Answer 73

One of three primary geometric themes. Elements are organized by points, radiating lines and acute or obtuse angles, and triangles and hexagons. - Site Analysis, James LaGro  

Question 74

Curvilinear Theme

Answer 74

One of three primary geometric themes. Elements are organized by generative points, arcs and tangents, and circles and semi-circles. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 75

Three Open Space Types

Answer 75

1. Conservation Open Space: woodland, grassland, and waterways 2. Developed "Soft" Open Space: lawn, garden, or park 3. Developed "Hard" Open Space: plaza, promenade, or courtyard - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 76

Height/Width Ratio for Sense of Enclosure

Answer 76

Depending on the context and function of the open space the ideal ratio ranges from 4:1 to 1:4. 1:2 or 1:3 creates a strong sense of enclosure. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 77

Maximum Distances a Person Will Walk

Answer 77

Premium transit and rail: 1/2 mile, 2,640' Bus service and other: 1/4 mile, 1320' - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 78

Three Important Functions of Pedestrian Circulation

Answer 78

1. Access to the site 2. Mobility within the site 3. Outdoor spaces for socializing and individual activities - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 79

Key Characteristics of a Successful Outdoor Urban Spaces 

Answer 79

``` Seating Food and/or entertainment Locations with both sunshine and shade Nearby sources of people (ex. office buildings) - Site Analysis, James LaGro ```

Question 80

Design Criteria for Functional Pedestrian Circulation

Answer 80

1. Separate pedestrians from vehicles and minimize conflicts 2. Connectivity between destinations and minimize the interruptions (across a parking lot) 3. Capacity, sufficient width to accommodate pedestrians, consider a hierarchy of pathways 4. Accessibility, ADA 5. Amenities such as lighting, special paving to define areas, site furniture, public art, and vegetation. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 81

Types of Pollution from Runoff

Answer 81

Thermal pollution - runoff with elevated temperatures Sedimentation - sand, silt, and clay Chemical pollution - heavy metals, fertilizers, hydrocarbons, pesticides Pathogens - bacteria and viruses - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 82

Erosion Control

Answer 82

Disturb the smallest area of land possible for the shortest period of time and stabilize disturbed soil to prevent erosion. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 83

Sediment Control

Answer 83

Captures sediment that is transported in stormwater runoff during construction. The main techniques are detention (gravitational settling) and filtration. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 84

Layout Plan

Answer 84

The horizontal control. This plan located buildings, streets, parking areas, walkways, utilities lines, and other site elements in relation to the site's boundaries. One of the essential plans for construction drawings. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 85

Grading Plan

Answer 85

The vertical control. This plan located the existing contours, proposed contours, and proposed spot elevations at high points, low points, and pavement corners (top of wall) in relation to a local elevation benchmark. One of the essential plans for construction drawings. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 86

Utilities Plan

Answer 86

The subsurface and surface utilities. The plan locates the sewer system, electrical lines, lighting, water lines, and telecommunications cables. Typically specifies the type and the size or capacity. One of the essential plans for construction drawings. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 87

Planting Plan

Answer 87

Locate new plant material. Includes information about the spacing, quantities, sizes, and root conditions. One of the essential plans for construction drawings. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 88

Demolition Plan

Answer 88

The site preparation information. Identifies the buildings, utility structures, and other site elements that will either be removed, adapted, or protected. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 89

Irrigation Plan

Answer 89

Locates the site irrigation system. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 90

Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (ESC)

Answer 90

Includes grading details, identifies and locates control structures, details temporary and permanent stabilization measures, and a description of construction sequences. In some jurisdictions this must be submitted before permits can be issued. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 91

General Specifications

Answer 91

Covers topics such as bidding requirements, required insurance, required bonding, and incentives for completing the project ahead of schedule or without problems. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 92

Technical Specifications

Answer 92

Written description of the procedures and materials required for implementing the project. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 93

Construction Supervision

Answer 93

This step is the responsibility of the general contractor and subcontractors during a project. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 94

Contract Administration

Answer 94

This is the landscape architect's responsibility to ensure that the project's implementation reflects the intent of the approved plans and that work is completed as specified by the construction documents. The objective it to protect the client's interest. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 95

Four Ways Municipalities Can Control Development

Answer 95

1. Public Investment - transportation, parks, utility systems 2. Regulations - zoning, building codes, subdivision ordinances 3. Incentives and disincentives - preferential taxes, higher taxes on vacant property, zoning bonuses 4. Land Use Planning - comprehensive plan, capital improvement plan - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 96

Three Sets of Issues Zoning Addresses

Answer 96

1. Permitted use of land and buildings - typically residential, commercial, industrial, or mixed-use 2. Intensity of the use - minimum lot size for homes, dwelling units per acre, number of stories allowed, etc. 3. Height, bulk, and other dimensional standards - percentage of the site covered by the building, set backs, lighting, signage, etc. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 97

Zoning Overlay Districts

Answer 97

These may impose additional development standards or may allow greater flexibility in the interpretation of the existing zoning. Example: Historic districts promote the preservation and restoration of buildings with historical significance. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 98

Subdivision Ordinances

Answer 98

Regulates the site development by defining street width, sidewalk requirements, shapes and size of lots, installation of public utilities, and specifications for lighting, trees, bus stops, and/or other amenities. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 99

Unified Development Codes

Answer 99

These attempt to eliminate the arbitrary distinction between regulations for subdivisions and all other forms of development. These standards apply to all development proposals, whether or not they require subdivision of land parcels. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 100

Site Plan and Development Review

Answer 100

A systematic assessment of the development proposal by the municipality. The proposal must meet the following basic standards: protect sensitive natural environments, prevent environmental harm, minimal impacts on surrounding properties, efficiency and convenience, proper relationship to public services (ex. fire and police), and adequate consideration to expansion options. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 101

Submission Requirements for Site Plan Review

Answer 101

Application forms and fees, includes a written description of intended use and proof of ownership Site analysis Location map, Site plan, Landscape or planting plan, Site engineering/earthwork plan, Building plans Impact assessments Schedule for project completion - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 102

Site Plan Elements for Review

Answer 102

Title block, date, north arrow, scale, and legal description of the property Legend with data on the lot area, floor area, FAR, impervious surface area and ratio, and building heights Property lines, including right of ways Existing and proposed structures footprints and heights Existing and proposed drainage Location and type of permanently protected green space - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 103

Landscape or Planting Plan Elements for Review

Answer 103

``` Required buffer plantings Required parking lot plantings Plant species and size Fencing type and heights Berm heights - Site Analysis, James LaGro ```

Question 104

Site Engineering/Earthwork Plan Elements for Review

Answer 104

Grading and erosion control Stormwater management Site utilities - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 105

Impact Assessment Elements for Review

Answer 105

``` Environmental impacts Economic impacts Traffic impacts, including traffic demand management Lighting and noise impacts Sediment and erosion control Stormwater runoff Tree protection - Site Analysis, James LaGro ```

Question 106

Brownfield

Answer 106

A site that is contaminated with chemical waste. Previous laws (mainly the Superfund Program) accidentally discouraged the redevelopment of brownfields because they created significant legal and financial risks by assigning the liability of clean up costs to the new property owner, even if they were not responsible for the original pollution. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 107

Greyfield

Answer 107

A previously developed site that has minor and relatively easily mitigated environmental contamination. Example: strip malls. Developing these sites encourages urban infill and redevelopment rather than developing on the urban/suburban fringe. - Site Analysis, James LaGro

Question 108

Deconstruction

Answer 108

The practice of reusing or recycling materials found in abandoned and vacant properties. Deconstructing buildings saves useful materials for reuse in new construction and rehabilitation projects and creates more jobs and business opportunities than demolition. - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 109

Ideal Location for Open Space Relative to the Building

Answer 109

Located on the southern side of the building. Southern exposure is preferred over open space with northern exposure.  - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 110

Best Combination of Shape and Orientation of a Building

Answer 110

An elongated building on an east-west axis because in winter the south side will receive three times as much solar radiation as on the east or west (for northern latitudes).  - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 111

Key Elements of Site Analysis 

Answer 111

Location and relationship to the community (roadways, schools, shops, etc), topography, hydrology (including flood plain), vegetation, soil, zoning and regulation, infrastructure (utilities and transportation), and historical value.  - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 112

Does Proposed Use Effect the Site Analysis?

Answer 112

Yes, the context of the proposed use frames the scope and character of the site analysis. For example: a site with significant changes in elevation is difficult and more expensive for a commercial builder but it could be ideal for a resort of high-end residential developer. - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 113

Elements the Initial Slope Analysis Identifies

Answer 113

1. Ranges or classes of slopes, and areas too steep to build 2. Potential locations for buildings 3. Possible routes for circulation 4. Drainage patterns - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 114

Center for Integration of Natural Disaster Information

Answer 114

A resource for more detailed information on regional and local site hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, floods, ground water conditions, sinkholes and more. - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 115

Liquefaction

Answer 115

When solid ground becomes "mushy" when soils are vibrated, associated with earthquakes. In certain cases, soil will lose all bear capacity, causing buildings to slip or sink and buried structures to rise to the surface. Typical, a soil with 15% or greater clay content is adequate protection. - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 116

Phase I Environmental Site Assessment

Answer 116

Identifies if there is any environmental contamination. It is used to provide a standard that allows a property buyer or developer to meet the requirements established by the laws and courts to minimize the risk of environmental liability. There are ASTM standards for preforming this.  - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 117

Traditional Residential Development Density

Answer 117

1 to 4 homes per acre. - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 118

High Density Residential Development

Answer 118

6 to 12 homes or units per arce. - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 119

Deep, Narrow Lots

Answer 119

Lots are range from 3,000 to 4,800 sq ft. Allowing for 6 to 8.5 lots per acre. Typically the garages are close to the front of the lot and there is minimal backyard privacy. - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 120

Wide, Shallow Lots

Answer 120

Lots are typically 3,500 sq ft. Allowing for 6 to 7 lots per acre. These lots are not as desirable as deep, narrow lots because they have an increased cost and lack useful yard space. - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 121

Alley Houses/Lots

Answer 121

Lots range from 3,300 to 4,500 sq ft. Allowing for 4 to 8 lots per acre. There are no driveways or garage doors . Parking is located in the back of the property, connected to a communal alley. This provides ideal utility corridors. - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 122

Z-Lots

Answer 122

Zero lot line layout; houses are placed on or very near to one property line. Lots lines may job around the building. Houses are designed to increase light and maximize privacy to strategically locating windows and entrances. - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 123

Steps of C.P.T.E.D.

Answer 123

1. Map the positive elements (schools, churches, long-standing bussinesses, etc.) 2. Map the areas of concern (abandoned buildings, high-crime areas, vacant lots, traffic patterns, etc.)  3. Use these two maps to work with the community or identifying and prioritizing the steps towards a safer community. - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 124

Three Aspects of Defensible Space

Answer 124

1. Territory: drawing distinctions between spaces through methods such as changes in texture or elevation and barriers. 2. Access: controlling access by narrowing intersections, traffic calming, signs, etc. 3. Surveillance: seeing and being seen; windows and doors that face the street, porches, and points of congregation. - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 125

Ways to Protect a Facility from Attack

Answer 125

Federal recommendations of some facilities call for a setback of 100' and a minimum of 15 acres. However, the same security can be achieved through incorporating changes in elevation and low barriers such as ponds, grading changes, berms, or strategically located site furniture. - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 126

Durability Grades of Pavers or Bricks

Answer 126

NX: only interior, where wetting and freezing is not an issue MX: exterior, but without freezing SX: exterior, where freezing will occur - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 127

Abrasion Resistance Grades of Pavers or Bricks

Answer 127

Type I: heavy traffic, such as driveways or commercial entrances Type II: medium traffic, such as outside a restaurant entrance Type III: residential or light duty patios - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 128

Average Walking Speed of Pedestrian

Answer 128

4' per second  - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 129

Cross Slope of Sidewalk

Answer 129

Minimum cross slope of 1% to allow for drainage, maximum of 3%  - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 130

Longitudinal Slope of Sidewalk

Answer 130

Minimum longitudinal slope of 1% to allow for drainage, up to 3% is desirable, and slopes greater than 5% should be avoided where there is freezing. Also, any slope that exceeds 5% requires handrails to comply with ADA. - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 131

Equation for Steps

Answer 131

2R+T = 26" to 27" R is riser height T is tread width - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 132

Minimum and Maximum Tread Height

Answer 132

Minimum height of 4.5" and a maximum height of 7" - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 133

How Far a Person Will Look to View a Sign

Answer 133

A person is less likely to look up more than 10 degrees to view a sign. - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 134

Elements for Analyzing the Needs of a Particular Community

Answer 134

1. Users age group or the age distribution within the population 2. Projected number of users 3. Source of funding, maintenance, and management 4. Availability and accessibility of existing facilities - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 135

Types of Bicycle Routes

Answer 135

1. Dedicated bicycle path system, separate from streets 2. Designated lane system 3. Road sharing system - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 136

Traffic Calming

Answer 136

The use of design elements to increase driver awareness and slow vehicle speed. The two main complaints are driver exasperation with interference with driving and unintended impacts; such as speed bumps damaging snow plows. - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 137

Traffic Calming Devices

Answer 137

Some devices include the speed bump, choker, narrower streets, closing streets, and using roundabouts. - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ

Question 138

Turning Radius

Answer 138

``` Small Car = 19.5' Standard Car = 22.5' Large Car = 23' School Bus = 43.5' Ambulance = 30' Fire Truck = 48' Trash Truck = 32' - Site Planning and Design, Thomas Russ ```