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Biology - F Summer Trials > Section 2: Classification and the Diversity of Life > Flashcards

Section 2: Classification and the Diversity of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 major groups of organisms?

A

They are plants, animals, fungi, protoctists, bacteria and viruses

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2
Q

What are plants in terms of cells?

A

They are mutlicellular

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3
Q

What do plants contain that carry out photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplasts

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4
Q

What are one of the products of photosynthesis?

A

The carbohydrate cellulose

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5
Q

What do all plants cells have that are made of cellulose?

A

Cell walls

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6
Q

What do plants make as a result of photosynthesis?

A

Organic compounds such as starch (carbohydrate) and sucrose (sugar)

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7
Q

What are animals in terms of cells?

A

They are multicellular

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8
Q

How do animals gain nutrition?

A

They gain nutrition by feeding on other animals or platns

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9
Q

As animals don’t have cell walls, what can they do that plants can’t do?

A

Their cells can change shape

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10
Q

How do animals move?

A

They move by a nervous system

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11
Q

What is the compound glycogen?

A

It is a compound found in animals cells that store carbohydrates

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12
Q

What is an example of multicellular fungi?

A

Mushrooms, toadstools and moulds

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13
Q

What is an example of a unicellular fungi?

A

Yeast

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14
Q

How many yeast cells does yeast powder contain?

A

Millions

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15
Q

Does fungi photosynthesise?

A

No

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16
Q

Is the cell wall of fungi made of cellulose?

A

No

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17
Q

What is the fruiting body of fungus?

A

It is the reproductive structure of the organism (like a mushroom or a toadstool)

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18
Q

What is the hyphae of fungus?

A

It is the fine thread-like filaments that are under the soil

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19
Q

What is a mycelium?

A

A whole network of hyphae

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20
Q

How do moulds feed?

A

They feed by absorbing nutrients from dead materials

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21
Q

What occurs when there is mould on food?

A

Mouldy food is due to mould spores in the air that have landed on the food and have grown into a mycelium or hyphae

22
Q

What is the cell structure of a hyphae?

A

The hyphae are not divided up into seperate cells. Instead they have cell walls surrounding the cytoplasm and the cytoplasm contains many nuclei

23
Q

How does mould digest food?

A

The mould spores land on the food > a hypha grows out from it > the hypha grows branches again and again until the mycelium covers the surface of the food > the hyphae secretes digestive enzymes onto the food - breaking it down into soluble substances > the mould absorbs it. Mould then releases more spores.

24
Q

What is saprotrophic nutrition?

A

When organisms feed on dead organic material and digestion occurs outside of the organism

25
Q

What is an extracellular enzyme?

A

The enzyme that is secreted out of mould

26
Q

What do protoctists consist of?

A

A mixed group of organisms that don’t fit in plants, animals or fungi

27
Q

What are most organisms that are considered to be part of the protoctist kingdom?

A

They tend to be microscopic single-celled organisms

28
Q

What do the cells of organisms that are considered to be part of the protoctist kingdom like?

A

They are mixed; some look like animals cells and some look like plant cells

29
Q

What are the animal cell looking organisms in the protoctist kingdom called?

A

Protozoa

30
Q

What are the plant cell looking organisms in the protoctist kingdom called?

A

Algae

31
Q

What are bacteria in terms of cells?

A

They are single-celled organisms

32
Q

What is the size and structure of a bacteria cell like?

A

They are much smaller than animal, plant and protoctist cells. They are also much simpler too.

33
Q

What are the 3 basic shapes of bacteria cells?

A

Spheres, rods and spirals

34
Q

What are the internal structure of the 3 basic shapes of bacteria cells like?

A

They all have similar internal structures

35
Q

What are bacteria cells walls made of?

A

Polysaccharides and proteins (different to virus and plant cells)

36
Q

What do some bacteria cells have another layer of?

A

Some have another layer of cell wall that is called the capsule or slime layer

37
Q

Do bacteria cells have cell membranes?

A

Yes they do

38
Q

What is the middle of the bacteria cell made of?

A

Cytoplasm

39
Q

Do bacteria cells have a nucleus?

A

No, but instead have a single chromosome

40
Q

Some bacteria cells have a flagella, what is it?

A

A propeller for swimming (corkscrew motion)

41
Q

Some bacteria cells have plasmids, what is it?

A

A circular ring of DNA

42
Q

What do some bacteria cells have a form of in their cytoplasm?

A

A from of chromosome - some can photosynthesis

43
Q

How do most bacteria cells gain nutrition?

A

Most feed off other living or dead organisms. They are important decomposers

44
Q

Do all bacteria cells carry out the normal processes of life?

A

Yes they do, some even respond to stimuli - they move towards food or away from poisonous chemicals

45
Q

What are all viruses?

A

Parasites - they reproduce inside their ‘host’ cells

46
Q

What are viruses not made of?

A

They are not made of cells - they do not have a nucleus or cytoplasm

47
Q

What are viruses made of?

A

They are just composed of a core genetic material surrounded by a protein coat

48
Q

What do viruses have instead of DNA?

A

They have RNA instead

49
Q

Why do some viruses have a cell membrane called an ‘envelope’?

A

As they stole it from the surface membrane of their host cell

50
Q

Why do some scientists believe that viruses are not alive?

A

As they do not do any of the normal ‘characteristics’ of living - except reproduction, which they do parasitically

51
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

They enter the host cell and take over the host’s genetic machinery to make more virus particles. The host cells die and particles are released to infect more cells.

52
Q

How do humans not die by a virus?

A

Our body’s immune system destroys the virus before we die

Biology - F Summer Trials (6 decks)

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