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Biology - F Summer Trials > Section 1: The Human Circulatory System > Flashcards

Section 1: The Human Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two main types of circulatory systems in animals?

A

The single circulatory system and the double circulatory system

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2
Q

How does the blood travel in a single circulatory system?

A

Heart to Gas Exchange Organ to Rest of the Body

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3
Q

How does the blood travel in a double circulatory system?

A

Heart to Gas Exchange Organ to Heart to Rest of the Body

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4
Q

What are the distinct parts to a double circulation?

A

The pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation

  • Pulmonary Circulation - blood is circulated through the lungs where it is oxygenated
  • Systemic Circulation - blood is circulated through all other parts of the body where it unloads oxygen
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5
Q

Which of the two main types of circulatory systems found in animals are more efficient?

A

The double circulatory system is more efficient as blood is pumped twice. This means that there is a higher pressure causing the blood to travel to organs quicker.

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6
Q

Why is the single circulatory system in a fish less efficient?

A

As blood is lost through the pressure of the gills, this makes it travel slower

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the heart generically?

A

A pump

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8
Q

What is the purpose of blood vessels generically?

A

They carry blood around the body

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9
Q

What is the purpose of arteries generically?

A

They carry blood away from the heart and to other organs

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10
Q

What is the purpose of veins generically?

A

They carry blood to the heart and away from other organisms

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11
Q

What is the purpose of capillaries generically?

A

They carry blood through organs

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12
Q

What is the purpose of blood generically?

A

It is the transport medium

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13
Q

What is the speed of which the heart is pumped and its pressure based on?

A

The body’s needs

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14
Q

What is the wall of a heart made of?

A

Cardiac muscle

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15
Q

How is blood moved through the heart?

A

By contractions and relaxations of cardiac muscles

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16
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

The contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscles

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17
Q

What happens when the heart is at systole?

A

The chamber of the heart is contracting

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18
Q

What happens when the heart is at diastole?

A

The chamber of the heart is relaxing

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19
Q

How is the heart adapted?

A
  • Divided to left and right ventricle.
  • Valves make sure blood can only flow one way
  • Walls of atria are thin
  • Walls of the heart are made of cardiac muscles
  • The cardiac muscles are supplied blood by coronary circulation
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20
Q

How is the division of the heart impact the efficiency of the heart?

A

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, while the left pumps blood all over the body. Therefore, the left ventricle needs to have a thicker wall because it needs to have a higher pressure

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21
Q

How does the thin walls of the atria impact the efficiency of the heart?

A

They are stretchy so they can receive blood, but they have enough strength to push blood through the bicuspid and tricuspid valves

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22
Q

How does the walls of the heart being made out of cardiac muscle impact the efficiency of the heart?

A

They can contract and relax easily without getting tired

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23
Q

How does the cardiac muscles being supplied with oxygen impact the efficiency of the heart?

A

The blood reaches the muscle by the coronary arteries. The blood is then returned to the right atrium by the coronary veins

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24
Q

What is the numerical number of a normal heart beat?

A

70 bpm

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25
Q

What happens to our blood when we exercise?

A

As the muscles are releasing more energy, they require more oxygen. This means that the heart has to increase its beats per minute and the volume per beat.

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26
Q

What happens to our blood when we are stressed (angry or afraid)?

A

Our heart rate increases as our adrenal gland releases adrenaline hormones. This hormones puts us in a fight or flight mentality so our heart pumps faster.

27
Q

What happens to our blood when we sleep?

A

Our heart rate decreases, and our organs work slower and therefore, need to release less energy

28
Q

What controls how fast our heart beats?

A

Our brain

29
Q

How does our brain control how fast our heart beats?

A

We start exercise > Muscles produce more carbon dioxide > Sensors in the aorta and the carotid artery detect increases > Send nerve impulses to the medulla > Medulla sends nerve impulses along accelerator nerve

30
Q

How does our medulla receive fewer impulses?

A

If our carbon dioxide production is normal

31
Q

What does our accelerator nerve do?

A

They increase the heart rate and strength per beat (increases blood pressure)

32
Q

What does our decelerator nerve do?

A

They decrease heart rates and strength per beat (decreases blood pressure)

33
Q

How are arteries adapted to carry blood from our heart to our organs?

A

As blood has a lot of pressure, they must stretch and ‘give’ to it

34
Q

How are veins adapted to carry blood from our organs to our hearts?

A

As blood has no pressure, the veins have to make sure it flows easily and in the right way. Veins have ‘watch-pocket valves’ which stop blood from backflow

35
Q

How are capillaries adapted to carry blood through organs?

A

They are vey close to every cells, which means they are very small. They also have a very thin wall to let transfers occur easily.

36
Q

What is the liquid part of blood called and what does it mostly contain?

A

Plasma and it mostly contains water

37
Q

What does the plasma do in red blood cells?

A

They carry blood cells, dissolved nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide and urea, and they distribute heat

38
Q

What is the physical structure of red blood cells?

A

They are biconcave disk-like cells and they have no nucleus

39
Q

What is the purpose of red blood cells?

A

To transport oxygen

40
Q

What do red blood cells mainly contain?

A

Haemoglobin

41
Q

How many types of white blood cells are there, and what are they called?

A

There are two and they are called lymphocytes and phagocytes

42
Q

What is the physical structure of lymphocytes?

A

They are the same size as red blood cells and they have a large nucleus

43
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

They produce antibodies; some persist in our blood after infection, which gives us immunity.

44
Q

What is the physical structure of phagocytes?

A

They are much larger cells with large spherical nuclei

45
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

They engulf bacteria and other microorganisms

46
Q

What is the physical structure of platelets?

A

They are the smallest cells found in blood, they are really fragments of other cells.

47
Q

What do platelets do?

A

They release chemicals to make blood clot

48
Q

What are the adaptions of red blood cells?

A
  • They contain haemoglobin
  • They don’t have a nucleus
  • They are a biconcave shape
  • They have a high surface area to volume ratio
  • They are vey thin
49
Q

How does haemoglobin impact the efficiency of red blood cells?

A

They have an iron that contains protein that associates oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin. When concentration of oxygen is low, oxyhaemoglobin unloads oxygen and turns into haemoglobin.

50
Q

How does the fact that red blood cells don’t contain a nucleus impact their efficiency?

A

They can fit more haemoglobin in

51
Q

How does a biconcave shape impact the efficiency of red blood cells?

A

It allows efficient exchange of oxygen to occur

52
Q

How does a high surface area to volume ratio impact the efficiency of red blood cells?

A

It is a larger surface area for diffusion

53
Q

How does the thinness of red blood cells impact their efficiency?

A

They have a shorter diffusion distance

54
Q

What percentage of white blood cells are phagocytes?

A

70%

55
Q

How do phagocytes ingest microorganisms?

A

They do this by changing shape by extending their cell membrane. This extension encloses the microorganism into their vacuole. The cell then secretes enzymes which eventually kills the microorganism.

56
Q

What percentage of white blood cells are lymphocytes?

A

25%

57
Q

How do lymphocytes defend the body from unwanted microorganisms?

A

The antibodies are soluble proteins that pass into the plasma. Pathogens have chemical ‘markers’ on their surface. Antibodies recognise this and they stick to the marker of the pathogens and destroys the pathogen.

58
Q

What are antigens?

A

They are chemical ‘markers’ on the surface of a pathogen

59
Q

How do antibodies destroy the pathogens?

A
  • Causing bacteria to stick together - phagocytes can ingest them easier
  • Acting as a ‘label’ so that they are recognised more easily
  • Causing bacterial cells to burst
  • Neutralising poisons produced by pathogens
60
Q

How long do these memory cells live for?

A

They live for years

61
Q

How do memory cells make the second time when the same pathogen attacks more efficient and easy to deal with?

A

They start to reproduce the same antibodies used the first time, so the pathogen can be easily dealt with

62
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

When someone is given artificial immunity

63
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A

A person is injected with an ‘agent’ and the same antigens as a specific disease-causing pathogen. Lymphocytes recognise the antigens and multiply exactly as if the microorganism has entered the blood stream. Memory cells are then produced to make the person immune.

64
Q

How do platelets work?

A

When they are exposed to oxygen, chemicals cause soluble plasma protein fibrinogen to turn into insoluble fibres of another protein, fibrin. Fibrin forms a network across the wound, which red blood cells get trapped and form a clot.

Biology - F Summer Trials (6 decks)

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