Section 2 - Chapter 4 Flashcards
Describe the work carried out by the liberals in the 1890s in opposition to the Tsarist regime.
- In 1895 the Tver Zemstvo petitioned Nicholas II to set up an advisory body: the Tsar dismissed this requestion.
- Liberals such as Prince Lvov who continued to demand the creation of an all-class zemstvo and National Assembly.
- In 1896 there was an attempt to establish an “All-Zemstvo Organisation” by Ivan Shipov but it was quickly banned - this encouraged some liberals to establish the Beseda Symposium in 1899.
What event in the 1890s improved support for the liberals?
The Great Famine - the Liberals had taken an active role in the zemstva helping the poor get aid.
What did the government do in 1900 in relation to liberals?
In 1900 the government ordered the dismissal of hundreds of liberals from the elected zemstva.
As a result the Beseda Symposium assumed leadership of the liberal movement and drew in much support from public figures in towns, law and education.
What group was founded in 1903 and who founded it?
In 1903 the Union of Liberation was founded under Pytor Struve.
What did the Union of Liberation want?
A constitutional system put in place through which urban workers could campaign legally to improve their conditions.
Who was assassinated by students who were adopting a new-style Populism?
Minister of Education Nikolay Bogolepov.
What year was the Social Revolutionary Party founded?
1901.
How were the members of the Social Revolutionary Party different from ‘pure’ Marxists?
They focused on the idea of land socialisation rather than land nationalisation.
How many political assassination were carried out between 1901 and 1905?
2000.
Which assassination did the SRs crown as one of their ‘greatest successes’?
The murder of Stolypin in 1911.
How many Social Revolutionaries were sentenced to death between 1905 and 1909?
4579 Social Revolutionaries were sentenced to death between 1905 and 1909.
How many Social Revolutionaries were executed between 1905 and 1909?
2365.
When was the Social Democratic Workers’ Party formed?
1898
When and where was the First Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party of the Soviet Union held?
In Minsk - 1898.
Who attended the First Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party of the Soviet Union?
9 delegates.
What was decided at the First Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party of the Soviet Union?
- They chose their name.
- Elected a three-man Central Committee.
- Produced a manifesto which assert that the working classes had been exploited by their masters and the future of Russia would be the product of class struggle.
How did the First Congress end?
The Congress was broken up by the Okhrana agents who arrested 2 of the newly elected committee.
When and where did the Second Party Congress take place?
Commencing in Brussels then moving to Shoreditch in 1903.
How many attended the Second Party Congress?
51 delegates.
Was the Social Democratic Party unified?
No - it was split into two groups with different ideas.
What were the two groups within the Social Democratic Party?
The Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.
Who led the Bolsheviks?
Lenin.
Who led the Mensheviks?
Martov.
What were the beliefs of the Bolsheviks?
- The bourgeois and proletarian revolution could occur at the same time.
- The role of the party was to educate workers leading them to revolution.
- Membership should be restricted, favoured control in the hands of a Central Committee.
What were the beliefs of the Mensheviks?
- The bourgeois revolution has to precede the proletarian revolution.
- Impetus had to come from the workers.
- Membership should be open to all.
- The party should work through trade unions; wanted to follow democratic procedures.
What reform was passed in 1912?
Insurance Law.
How did the State feel about independent working class activity (strikes)?
They feared it.
How many trade unions were closed down between 1906 and 1910?
497.
How many trade unions were denied registration between 1906 and 1910?
604.
What happened in 1907 that led to a rise in unemployment and a reduction in union action?
An economic depression.
What inspired trade unions to start activity again?
The shooting of unarmed demonstrators in Lena Goldfields in April of 1912.
In what area was strike action mainly confined to?
St. Petersburg.
What percentage of enterprises actually experienced strike action?
12%
When was a General Strike held in St. Petersburg?
July 1914.
What percentage of the manufacturing labour force turned out at the 1914 General Strike?
25%
Which ethnic minorities in the Russian Empire wanted independence?
The Poles and Finns.
How were SR and SD Parties weakened after 1905?
Their leaders were exiled.
