Section 2 - Chapter 2 Flashcards
Economic Development of Russia to 1914
Which heavy industries did Russia expand into?
Coal, pig-iron, gold mining and steel.
Where on the world rankings was Russia as an industrial power?
5th
How did Russia perform in gold mining?
They were the 4th largest gold-mining nation.
Where in international rankings were Russia in oil extraction?
2nd (the USA outperformed them because of the oil in Texas).
Between 1908 and 1913 what was the growth rate?
8.5%
What was the size of domestic investment compared to foreign investment?
By 1909-1911 domestic investment was 3 times great that foreign investment.
How many joint-stock companies were set up in Russia from 1910-1913?
774.
How many kilometres did Russia have by 1905?
59,616km.
What percentage of the population were peasantry in 1914?
80%
What massacre occurred in 1912?
The Lena Goldfields massacre saw 500 workers killed between 1912 and 1914 - around 3 million workers took part in industrial action and went on strike.
What did the share of consumer goods fall to?
Share of consumer goods fell from 52% to 45%.
What percentage of the factory workforce still worked in textiles?
33%
What percentage of Russian workers still worked in small craft workshops?
67%
Name the areas in which industry was concentrated?
The Donbass, Moscow and St. Petersburg.
How did raises rise compared with inflation?
Industrial wages rose from 245 roubles a month to 264 a month whilst inflation raised prices by 40%.
Compare the size of peasant estates in 1877 and 1905?
1877 - 35 acres.
1905 - 28 acres.
What initiative in 1896 failed?
An initiative to sponsor emigration to new agricultural settlements in Siberia.
What traditional farming methods were still used in agriculture in Russia?
- Solcha (a wooden plough).
- Medieval rotation systems.
- Strip farming.
What di Stolypin plan for agrarian reform?
- He wanted the peasants to become permanent owners of their land; putting an end to strip farming.
When did Stolypin’s agrarian reforms begin?
1903 when the mir’s responsibility to pay taxes on behalf of peasants in the village was removed.
What legislation was passed in September 1906?
- More State/Crown land is made available to buy for peasants.
- Government subsidies to encourage migration to Siberia are increased.
What legislation was passed in October 1906?
Peasants are granted equal rights in their local administration.
What legislation was passed in November 1906?
- Peasants can leave the commune and collective ownership of land by a family is abolished.
- Peasants can withdraw land from the commune and consolidate strips in a farm.
- New Peasants’ Land Bank is established to help with redemption payments.
What legislation was passed on January the 1st 1907?
Redemption payments are officially abolished.
What legislation was passed in June 1907?
All communes which had not redistributed land since 1861 are dissolved.
How much did hereditary ownership of land increase by?
30% (from 20% to 50%).
How much did grain production increase by?
From 56 million tons in 1900 to 90 million in 1914.
How many peasants emigrated under Stolypin’s initiative?
3.5 million.
How many of the application for consolidation were actually dealt with?
26%
By 1914 what percentage of commune ownership had been transferred to private ownership?
10%
In 1914 what percentage of peasant holdings were still in strips?
90%
What percentage of the peasantry achieved kulak status?
Less than 1%.
