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History - Russia > Section 1 - Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Section 1 - Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many different ethnic groups did Russia contain?

A

Over 100

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2
Q

Give some examples of ethnic groups in Russia.

A
  • Slavs
  • Ukrainians
  • Belarusians
  • Finns
  • Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians
  • Lutheran Germans
  • Poles
  • Georgians
  • Azerbaijanis
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3
Q

What was on the rise that proved a challenge for keeping the Russian national identity clear?

A

Nationalism

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4
Q

Give some examples of nationalist groups?

A
  • Finnish language pressure group established in the 1840s.
  • In the Ukraine the secret “Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius’” group.
  • Local language newspapers in Baltic regions.
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5
Q

Give an examples of a nationalist revolts?

A
  • Polish Revolt in 1830.
  • Polish Rebellion 1863.
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6
Q

What happened during the Polish Rebellion?

A

More than 200.000 Poles created an underground National Government for Poland and waged guerrilla warfare against the Russian empire. Alexander II sent his brother Viceroy Duke Konstantin to deal with the rebels and he crushed the rebels after fierce fighting in 1864.

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7
Q

What concessions did Alexander II make through decrees?

A
  • Latvians and Estonians were allowed to revert to Lutheranism rather than be part of the Orthodox Church.
  • Finns were allowed to have their own parliament (know as a diet).
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8
Q

What was Alexander II’s stance on Russification at the end of his reign?

A

New conservative ministers were keen to reinforce the regime.

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9
Q

What actions did Alexander take at the end of his reign?

A

He prohibited the use of Ukrainian language in publications or performances from 1876.

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10
Q

What was Alexander II’s personal views on ethnic minorities?

A

More concerned with control than with matters of racial superiority.

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11
Q

Who was the minister of Alexander III who engaged with the policy of ‘cultural Russification’?

A

Pobedonostsev.

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12
Q

What changes did Alexander III make in Finland?

A

In Finland the diet’s political influence was weakened in 1892, Russian language was increasingly demanded, Russian coinage replaced the local currency, and the independent postal system was abolished.

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13
Q

What changes did Alexander III make in Poland?

A

In Poland the Polish National Bank was closed in 1885, and all teaching (except Polish lang and religion) in schools and universities had to be in Russian. Polish literature had to be translated into Russian.

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14
Q

What changes did Alexander III make in Baltic Germany ?

A
  • Between 1885 and 1889 Russian had to be used in all state offices, schools, the police and the judiciary.
  • The German Dorpar University was renamed Iurev University.
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15
Q

What changes did Alexander III make in other provinces of Russia?

A
  • Russification was extended to Belorussia, Georgia and the Ukraine.
  • Use of the Ukrainian language was limited further, all theatres in the Ukraine were shut.
  • Conscripts from national areas were dispersed to prevent revolts.
  • Russian became the sole language of the military.
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16
Q

What happened to those who challenged Russification?

A

They were supressed in:
- Georgia (1892)
- Bashkira (1884)
- Uzbek district of Fergana (1886)

17
Q

How many people converted to Orthodoxy in the Baltic region?

A

37,000 Lutherans converted to Russia Orthodoxy.

18
Q

What happened to Catholicism under Alexander III’s Russification policies?

A
  • In Poland Catholic monasteries were shut down.
  • The influence of Catholic priests was reduced.
  • Incentives for non-Catholics to move into these typically Catholic areas were given out.
19
Q

What policies did Alexander III bring about against other religions?

A

From 1883 members of non-Orthodox Churches were not allowed to:
1. Build new places of worship
2. Wear religious dress except within those worship places
3. Spread any religious propaganda.
Any attempt to convert from Orthodoxy would lead to exile to Siberia.

20
Q

What issues did Russification under Alexander III bring to Russia?

A
  • In June 1888 the Department of Police estimated 332 cases of mass disturbance in 61 of Russia’s 92 provinces and districts. Troubles swiftly curbed, military used in 51 cases.
  • There was resentment – especially among the educated and wealthy and secret publication of local language books continued.
  • It led to wealthy citizens emigrating and led others to join opposition groups.
21
Q

Which ethnic group suffered the most under Russification?

A

Jewish

22
Q

Where in Russia were the Jew ‘confined’ to?

A

The Pale of Settlement

23
Q

How many Jews were there in the Pale of Settlement?

A

Nearly 5 million since 1736.

24
Q

What was anti-Semitism like at the beginning of Alexander II’s reign?

A
  • Anti-Semitism existed in Alexander II’s reign as the poor hated the Jews because of their riches.
  • However, the Tsar was lenient towards wealthier Jews and allowed them to settle elsewhere.
25
Q

What event cause Alexander II to change his policy on the Jewish?

A

The Polish Revolt

26
Q

What was anti-Semitism like at the end of Alexander II’s reign?

A

After the Polish Revolt during Alexander II’s reign, he reduced the number of Jews participating in town government. This encouraged the growth of anti-Semitism.

27
Q

How did Alexander III deal with Jews at the beginning of his reign?

A
  • He appointed the minister Pobedonostsev who encouraged anti-Semitism.
  • The right-wing press helped to encourage that Jews had orchestrated Alexander II’s assassination.
28
Q

What happened in 1881 regarding the Jewish community?

A

An anti-Jewish pogrom broke out - for unknown reasons but the hate and violence was not stopped and some have suggested encouraged by the Okhrana. The ‘Holy League’ organisation organised attacks on Jews - this was banned in 1882.

29
Q

What was the impact of the Jewish pogrom of 1881?

A
  • Riots spread to other Ukrainian towns causing Jews to flee across the border into Western Europe.
  • 16 major cities were affected with Jewish property being burnt and shop being destroyed.
  • There was incidence of rape and murder.
  • Continued mainly until 1884.
30
Q

Timeline of key anti-Semitic legislation passed from 1882 onwards?

A

1882: number of Jewish doctors in the army is reduced.
1886: Jews can only sell alcohol from their house or personal property.
1887: Jew that graduate uni outside of Russia can only live in the Pale.
1887: Number of school permitted to schools is monitored.
1892: Jews banned from participating in local election or to be elected to town dumas.
1893: Illegal for a Jew to adopt a ‘Christian’ name.

31
Q

What was the impact of anti-Semitism?

A
  • Many Jews left Russia.
  • Some were forcibly expelled such as some Jews in Kiev in 1886.
  • From 1890 foreign Jews were deported.
  • In the winter of 1891 10,000 artisan Jews were expelled from Moscow.
  • Alexander III’s brother expelled 20,000 Jews during Passover.

History - Russia (11 decks)

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