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Personal Psychology > Section 2 > Flashcards

Section 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The IQ notion was first proposed in 1905 by whom?

A

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

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2
Q

The Stanford-Binet test was designed by who? What is it used for?

A

Lewis Terman; it categories intelligence

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3
Q

What’s the IQ equation?

A

Intelligence Quotient = mental age/chronological age x 100

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4
Q

What’s an average IQ?

A

90-110

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5
Q

The triarchic theory of intelligence was created by who?

A

Robert Sternberg

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6
Q

Howard Gardner suggested what?

A

That humans can possess seven different intelligences

- linguistic, logical mathematical, musical, body-kinaesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal

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7
Q

What did Earl Hunt like to study?

A
  • Individual differences in problem solving

- finding the best use for each person’s style of problem solving

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8
Q

Lev Vygotsky believed what about children’s intelligence?

A

That it should be measured by their zone of proximal development

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9
Q

Zen of proximal development

A

The difference between what children can do on their own and what they can do with teaching and instruction

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10
Q

Raymond Cattel believed people had two types of intelligences—what are they?

A

Fluid intelligence: the type of intelligence one is born with
Crystallized intelligence: knowledge learned in school

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11
Q

What is the Revised Stanford-Binet test?

A

Usually used for gifted people or those with learning problems, this test individually administered in four separate areas

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12
Q

weschler intelligence scale for children (WISC-III)

A

Individually administered; yields a full scale IQ score

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13
Q

Beabody picture vocabulary test-revised

A

An untimely, individual test that takes about 15 minutes to administer;

Examiner says a words and the subject points at one of four pictures; test ends after six incorrect answers

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14
Q

Draw-a-person test

A

Children draw a person as well as possible; this is supposed to assess mental development as well as well-being

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15
Q

Cognitive abilities test

A

Group test given to students; gives three different scores for verbal reasoning, nonverbal reasoning, and quantitive reasoning

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16
Q

Grade level standardized tests

A

Group tests; in canada, they’re given in 6th, 9th, and final grade

Asses how well a student has done in math and english

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17
Q

Who scores highest on tests due to bias?

A

White middle/upper class people

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18
Q

What can affect IQ scores?

A

Situation; it doesn’t mean a person in a worse situation isn’t as smart—they aren’t as prepared to take the test

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19
Q

Raymond Cattel created what test to try to eliminate biased factors?

A

The Cultural Fair Intelligence Test (1944)

20
Q

What are a few examples that can affect a person’s test scores?

A

The amount of sleep the person had, mood, and whether they’ve had a nutritious meal that day

21
Q

A person can be __________ by an IQ score

A

A person can be STEREOTYPED by an IQ score

22
Q

Labelling

A

When a person is stereotyped by one feature alone

23
Q

Francis Galton realized that many intellectuals were what?

A

First-born children

24
Q

Does an IQ score increase or decrease the older you get?

A

It increases

25
Q

If a child’s parents have high IQs, what might the child gain?

A

A high IQ

26
Q

Why is personality so hard to define?

A

Because it can be defined as so many things

27
Q

Name the eight major contributors in personality development

A
  • genetics
  • environment
  • learning
  • traits
  • existential-humanistic contributions
  • unconscious mechanisms
  • cognitive factors
  • sociocultural factors
  • personality as a composite of factors
28
Q

What did Freud believe the human mind was composed of?

A
  • the Id (creates a need for pleasures)
  • the Ego (achieves goal, by whatever means)
  • the Superego (monitors the way it is achieved)
29
Q

What are Freud’s 5 psychosexual stages?

A
  1. The oral stage (1 yr old)
  2. The anal stage (2 yrs)
  3. The phallic stage (3-5)
  4. The latency stage (6-12)
  5. The genital stage (13+)
30
Q

What is Freud’s psychoanalysis?

A

A form of psychological therapy that Freud developed to discover client’s childhood issues

31
Q

Free association

A

A therapeutic technique used in clinical psychology. During free association the client mentions anything that comes to mind

32
Q

Dream analysis

A

A technique used in clinical psychology in which the client tells the therapist their dreams and the therapist helps the client translate their meaning

33
Q

Validity

A

How well an experiment tests what it’s supposed to

34
Q

What was Carl Jung’s components of personality?

A
  • the ego (conscious thoughts)
  • the personal unconscious (disturbing thoughts that first couldn’t be dealt with)
  • the collective conscious (past thoughts and experiences)
35
Q

What was Carl Jung’s Jungian Techniques?

A

Word association tests were used (not created by him), as well as dream analysis

36
Q

What were Erik Erickson’s eight stages of personality development?

A
  1. Infancy (trust vs mistrust) birth-2
  2. Early Childhood (autonomy vs shame) 2-5
  3. Middle Childhood (initiative vs guilt) 6-9
  4. Late Childhood (industry vs inferiority) 9-11
  5. Adolescence (identity vs role confusion) 12-19
  6. Early adulthood (intimacy vs isolation) 19-35
  7. Middle adulthood (generatively vs stagnation) 35-65
  8. Late adulthood (ego integrity vs despair) 65+
37
Q

What was Gordon Allport’s trait psychology?

Also define trait

A

He believed personality was composed of traits

Definition of trait: a mental structure and guides reactions

38
Q

What was Raymon Cattell’s types of traits?

A

Created a scientifically-provable personality theory, and created a lot of temperament traits to categorize the emotional responses given in certain situations

39
Q

Raymond Cattell’s factor analysis

A

Cattell’s way of scientifically determining the type of personality one may have based on traits

40
Q

B.F. Skinner’s behaviourism and reinforcement

A

Skinner believed all human behaviour was learned, and those that are rewarded are reinforced

41
Q

B.F. Skinner’s operant conditioning

A

A technique of using reinforcement to strengthen a person’s or animal’s desire to perform certain behaviours

42
Q

dollard and Miller’s drive-reduction hypothesis

A

Once in motion, these drives grew stronger, putting the organism under stress; the drive must be satisfied to reduce tension

43
Q

Survival of the fittest

A

The notion that all organisms go through evolutionary changes, and those with the characteristics best suited to their environment survive to pass their genes on to their offspring

44
Q

Carl Roger’s actuality tendency

A

Believed that all humans have the need to survive, grow, and enhance themselves; that people are basically good and always strive to be better

45
Q

Carl Rogers’ client-centred therapy

A

Believed clients are able to solve their own problems with the help of a therapist

46
Q

Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (lowest to highest)

A

Basic needs: physiological (food, drink)
Safety (security, physical safety)
Belongingness and love (affiliation, acceptance)
Self-esteem (competence, approval)
Meta-needs: cognitive (knowledge, symmetry)
Esthetic (goodness, truth)
Self-actualization (full acceptance)

47
Q

What are characteristics of self-actualizing people?

A
  • accurate perception of reality
  • acceptance of one’s self and others without judgement
  • concerned with problems that are not their own
  • creativity
  • strong ethical sense

Personal Psychology (4 decks)

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