Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Personal Psychology > Section 1 > Flashcards

Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology is both what?

A

A philosophical pursuit and a science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Clinical Psychology is?

A

A psychologist who helps clients deal with their problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are Psychiatrists?

A

Medical doctors who treat clients with abnormal behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Psychological paraprofessional work with whom? Who might they be?

A

Psychological paraprofessionals work closely with clinical psychologists and psychiatrists; they can be nurses, hospital attendants, therapists, or volunteers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Abnormal psychology studies what?

A

Causes and treatments of abnormal behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Abnormal behaviour is based on three things:

A
  • if the individual is distressed by the behaviour
  • if the behaviour negatively affects the individual’s life
  • if the behaviour is socially acceptable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Phobia can be defined as:

A

An intense fear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Behavioural psychology is based on what?

A

The notion that behaviours are learned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Clinical psychology deals with what?

A

Treating people with abnormal behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hypnosis is?

A

An alternate state of awareness induced by a trained hypnotist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the pros and cons of hypnosis?

A
  • many adults, most children, intellectually disabled and mentally ill people can’t be hypnotized
  • hypnosis can effectively reduce stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cognitive psychology focuses on what?

A

Human information processing:

The manner in which the brain does things such as learn, memorize, and problem solve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Developments (child) psychology studies what?

A

The way a child’s behaviour changes through development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Parapsychology is what?

A

The study of the paranormal; it isn’t fully accepted due to hoaxes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Physiological study is?

A

The study of how the body affects behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hormones:

A

Chemical substances released by glands that can affect body development and behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Social psychology?

A

Study of how humans behave in social situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the scientific method used for?

A

Used to test theories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hypothesis:

A

A prediction made by a scientist about to conduct an experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Independent variable:

A

The variable in an experiment that, when introduced, is supposed to cause a change in the test subject’s behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Dependent variable:

A

The change in behaviour that arises in the experiment due to the independent variable

(Dependent on the independent variable)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Control group:

A

Identical to a test group, but no independent variable is given

(must be as similar to the other test group as possible)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the two settings an experiment can be conducted in? What are they useful for?

A
  • field research; conducted in the subject’s natural environment
  • laboratory research; conducted in laboratory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Empirical evidence:

A

The data reports from observations carefully obtained during an experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
In Canada, what is the body that sets the standards for animal research?
The Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC)
26
Vivisection:
Dissection or other painful treatment of living animals for purposes of scientific research -occurred in the twentieth century by nazis
27
What are the two major goals of developmental psychology?
- to describe the behaviour of children at each stage of development - the identify the cause and processes that produce changes in behaviour from one sage to the next
28
What is stage 1 of life?
Prenatal stage; from conception to birth; physical developmental
29
What is stage 2 of life?
Infancy; birth to ~18 months; movement, attempt at language, social attachment
30
What is stage 3 of life?
Early childhood; ~18 months to ~6 years; language, gender typing, readiness for schooling
31
What is stage 4 of life?
Late childhood; ~6 yrs to ~13yrs; many cognitive processes are developed
32
What is stage 5 of life?
Adolescence; ~13 yrs to ~20 yrs; highest level of cognitive capacity, independence
33
What is stage 6 of life?
Young adulthood; ~20 yrs to ~45 yrs; career and family development
34
What is stage 7 of life?
Middle age; ~45 to ~65; career peak, self-assessment, retirement
35
What is stage 8 of life?
Old age; ~65 to death; enjoy family, achievements, dependency, widowhood, and poor health
36
What is stage 9 of life?
Death; a “stage” in a special sense
37
Why is childhood development important?
Skills must be acquired in a certain time frame or they will never appear
38
Developmental Psychology involves what three major types of research?
Experimental, descriptive, and correlational
39
Normative studies
Used to find averages in children, not abnormalities
40
Historical studies
Study differences between generations | - this involves using past studies to bring credibility to your own
41
Longitudinal studies
Studying the same people at different ages | - this takes a long time
42
Cross-sectional studies
Used to test subjects from different age groups simultaneously
43
Sequential studies
Combines the best features of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies
44
Twin studies
Used to determine the effects the environment has on behaviour - very few twin studies exist since these twins must be separated at birth
45
Teratogen
Anything that may harm a fetus when exposed to the mother | - these include legal and illegal drugs
46
Babies are more probable to develop abnormalities if they are exposed to this
Teratogens
47
Locomotion
A person’s ability to move around the environment
48
Prehension
A person’s ability to use objects with their hands
49
Reflex
An automatic response to a specific stimulus
50
Apgar exam
A method of assessing a newborn’s overall health in five different categories - heart rate, breathing, skin tone, muscle tone, and pain response
51
Prechtl test
Measures some of the same factors as the apgar, but also assesses more - facial expressions, alertness, reflexes, muscle tone,spontaneous movement, and reaction to different positions
52
Brazelton scale
Assesses babies in four categories - attention and social responsiveness; muscle tone and physical movement, control of alertness, and physiological response to stress
53
Organized behaviours
Behaviours that are not random, but have a purpose and intent Ex) crying because they’re upset or need attention
54
What are the three stages in motor development?
1. Attempts movement; rudimentary 2. Imitates steps necessary for movement; lacks finesse 3. Movement is perfected
55
Psycholinguistic theory of language development
A belief that humans are born with genetic structure that helps them acquire language
56
Language acquisition device (LAD)
The genetic structure humans are born with that helps them acquire language
57
Cognitive language theory
States children learn language by grouping new words into categories - the more they learn, the more sophisticated the category
58
Learning theory of language and development
Suggests children learn language through a series of rewards and by watching others
59
Naming explosion
The ability of a child learning to speak to acquire new words at an incredible rate
60
Over extensions
Occur when a child discovers the name of an object and believes all similar objects are called the same thing
61
Under extensions
When a child learning to speak doesn’t recognize an object belonging to a certain category
62
Prototypes
A general mode that represents a category Ex) “cat” is defined as the neighbour’s Siamese
63
How do kids learn words?
Through modeling
64
Feedback
The information a person is given regarding their behaviour
65
Social referencing
When a person looks at the behaviours of others for guidance when they’re unsure of how to act in a certain situation
66
Display rules
Developing socially acceptably emotional responses regarding how one should act in certain situations
67
Temperament
A measure of a person’s responsiveness and emotional expression in social situations
68
What does temperament determine?
The types of interactions one has with others
69
What are the New York Longitudinal Studies?
Classifies children’s temperaments based on how they respond in 9 categories - activity, rhythmicity, approach-withdrawal, adaptivity, intensity, threshold, distractibility, mood, and attention span persistence
70
What is the Emotionality, Activity, and Sociability (EAS) Model?
Defines a baby’s temperament beside on the 3 categories named in title
71
Rothbart’s Model
Defines temperament on reactivity and self-regulation
72
Social inference
The guesses people make when they are unsure of how to act in a certain social situation
73
Schemas
Sets of descriptors used to classify an object, place, event, animal, or person, etc.
74
Scripts
Sequences of behaviours one must perform when in certain situations
75
Heuristics
General rules people follow in social situations
76
Stereotypes
Schemas that narrowly and negatively attempt to define groups of people
77
Self-fulfilling prophecies
When someone believes a stereotype about themselves ad behaves in a manner to fulfill that prophecy

Personal Psychology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions