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Personal Psychology > Section 1 > Flashcards

Section 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology is both what?

A

A philosophical pursuit and a science

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2
Q

Clinical Psychology is?

A

A psychologist who helps clients deal with their problems

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3
Q

What are Psychiatrists?

A

Medical doctors who treat clients with abnormal behaviours

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4
Q

Psychological paraprofessional work with whom? Who might they be?

A

Psychological paraprofessionals work closely with clinical psychologists and psychiatrists; they can be nurses, hospital attendants, therapists, or volunteers

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5
Q

Abnormal psychology studies what?

A

Causes and treatments of abnormal behaviour

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6
Q

Abnormal behaviour is based on three things:

A
  • if the individual is distressed by the behaviour
  • if the behaviour negatively affects the individual’s life
  • if the behaviour is socially acceptable
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7
Q

Phobia can be defined as:

A

An intense fear

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8
Q

Behavioural psychology is based on what?

A

The notion that behaviours are learned

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9
Q

Clinical psychology deals with what?

A

Treating people with abnormal behaviours

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10
Q

Hypnosis is?

A

An alternate state of awareness induced by a trained hypnotist

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11
Q

What are the pros and cons of hypnosis?

A
  • many adults, most children, intellectually disabled and mentally ill people can’t be hypnotized
  • hypnosis can effectively reduce stress
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12
Q

Cognitive psychology focuses on what?

A

Human information processing:

The manner in which the brain does things such as learn, memorize, and problem solve

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13
Q

Developments (child) psychology studies what?

A

The way a child’s behaviour changes through development

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14
Q

Parapsychology is what?

A

The study of the paranormal; it isn’t fully accepted due to hoaxes

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15
Q

Physiological study is?

A

The study of how the body affects behaviour

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16
Q

Hormones:

A

Chemical substances released by glands that can affect body development and behaviour

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17
Q

Social psychology?

A

Study of how humans behave in social situations

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18
Q

What is the scientific method used for?

A

Used to test theories

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19
Q

Hypothesis:

A

A prediction made by a scientist about to conduct an experiment

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20
Q

Independent variable:

A

The variable in an experiment that, when introduced, is supposed to cause a change in the test subject’s behaviour

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21
Q

Dependent variable:

A

The change in behaviour that arises in the experiment due to the independent variable

(Dependent on the independent variable)

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22
Q

Control group:

A

Identical to a test group, but no independent variable is given

(must be as similar to the other test group as possible)

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23
Q

What are the two settings an experiment can be conducted in? What are they useful for?

A
  • field research; conducted in the subject’s natural environment
  • laboratory research; conducted in laboratory
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24
Q

Empirical evidence:

A

The data reports from observations carefully obtained during an experiment

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25
Q

In Canada, what is the body that sets the standards for animal research?

A

The Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC)

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26
Q

Vivisection:

A

Dissection or other painful treatment of living animals for purposes of scientific research

-occurred in the twentieth century by nazis

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27
Q

What are the two major goals of developmental psychology?

A
  • to describe the behaviour of children at each stage of development
  • the identify the cause and processes that produce changes in behaviour from one sage to the next
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28
Q

What is stage 1 of life?

A

Prenatal stage; from conception to birth; physical developmental

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29
Q

What is stage 2 of life?

A

Infancy; birth to ~18 months; movement, attempt at language, social attachment

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30
Q

What is stage 3 of life?

A

Early childhood; ~18 months to ~6 years; language, gender typing, readiness for schooling

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31
Q

What is stage 4 of life?

A

Late childhood; ~6 yrs to ~13yrs; many cognitive processes are developed

32
Q

What is stage 5 of life?

A

Adolescence; ~13 yrs to ~20 yrs; highest level of cognitive capacity, independence

33
Q

What is stage 6 of life?

A

Young adulthood; ~20 yrs to ~45 yrs; career and family development

34
Q

What is stage 7 of life?

A

Middle age; ~45 to ~65; career peak, self-assessment, retirement

35
Q

What is stage 8 of life?

A

Old age; ~65 to death; enjoy family, achievements, dependency, widowhood, and poor health

36
Q

What is stage 9 of life?

A

Death; a “stage” in a special sense

37
Q

Why is childhood development important?

A

Skills must be acquired in a certain time frame or they will never appear

38
Q

Developmental Psychology involves what three major types of research?

A

Experimental, descriptive, and correlational

39
Q

Normative studies

A

Used to find averages in children, not abnormalities

40
Q

Historical studies

A

Study differences between generations

- this involves using past studies to bring credibility to your own

41
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

Studying the same people at different ages

- this takes a long time

42
Q

Cross-sectional studies

A

Used to test subjects from different age groups simultaneously

43
Q

Sequential studies

A

Combines the best features of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies

44
Q

Twin studies

A

Used to determine the effects the environment has on behaviour
- very few twin studies exist since these twins must be separated at birth

45
Q

Teratogen

A

Anything that may harm a fetus when exposed to the mother

- these include legal and illegal drugs

46
Q

Babies are more probable to develop abnormalities if they are exposed to this

A

Teratogens

47
Q

Locomotion

A

A person’s ability to move around the environment

48
Q

Prehension

A

A person’s ability to use objects with their hands

49
Q

Reflex

A

An automatic response to a specific stimulus

50
Q

Apgar exam

A

A method of assessing a newborn’s overall health in five different categories
- heart rate, breathing, skin tone, muscle tone, and pain response

51
Q

Prechtl test

A

Measures some of the same factors as the apgar, but also assesses more
- facial expressions, alertness, reflexes, muscle tone,spontaneous movement, and reaction to different positions

52
Q

Brazelton scale

A

Assesses babies in four categories
- attention and social responsiveness; muscle tone and physical movement, control of alertness, and physiological response to stress

53
Q

Organized behaviours

A

Behaviours that are not random, but have a purpose and intent

Ex) crying because they’re upset or need attention

54
Q

What are the three stages in motor development?

A
  1. Attempts movement; rudimentary
  2. Imitates steps necessary for movement; lacks finesse
  3. Movement is perfected
55
Q

Psycholinguistic theory of language development

A

A belief that humans are born with genetic structure that helps them acquire language

56
Q

Language acquisition device (LAD)

A

The genetic structure humans are born with that helps them acquire language

57
Q

Cognitive language theory

A

States children learn language by grouping new words into categories
- the more they learn, the more sophisticated the category

58
Q

Learning theory of language and development

A

Suggests children learn language through a series of rewards and by watching others

59
Q

Naming explosion

A

The ability of a child learning to speak to acquire new words at an incredible rate

60
Q

Over extensions

A

Occur when a child discovers the name of an object and believes all similar objects are called the same thing

61
Q

Under extensions

A

When a child learning to speak doesn’t recognize an object belonging to a certain category

62
Q

Prototypes

A

A general mode that represents a category

Ex) “cat” is defined as the neighbour’s Siamese

63
Q

How do kids learn words?

A

Through modeling

64
Q

Feedback

A

The information a person is given regarding their behaviour

65
Q

Social referencing

A

When a person looks at the behaviours of others for guidance when they’re unsure of how to act in a certain situation

66
Q

Display rules

A

Developing socially acceptably emotional responses regarding how one should act in certain situations

67
Q

Temperament

A

A measure of a person’s responsiveness and emotional expression in social situations

68
Q

What does temperament determine?

A

The types of interactions one has with others

69
Q

What are the New York Longitudinal Studies?

A

Classifies children’s temperaments based on how they respond in 9 categories
- activity, rhythmicity, approach-withdrawal, adaptivity, intensity, threshold, distractibility, mood, and attention span persistence

70
Q

What is the Emotionality, Activity, and Sociability (EAS) Model?

A

Defines a baby’s temperament beside on the 3 categories named in title

71
Q

Rothbart’s Model

A

Defines temperament on reactivity and self-regulation

72
Q

Social inference

A

The guesses people make when they are unsure of how to act in a certain social situation

73
Q

Schemas

A

Sets of descriptors used to classify an object, place, event, animal, or person, etc.

74
Q

Scripts

A

Sequences of behaviours one must perform when in certain situations

75
Q

Heuristics

A

General rules people follow in social situations

76
Q

Stereotypes

A

Schemas that narrowly and negatively attempt to define groups of people

77
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecies

A

When someone believes a stereotype about themselves ad behaves in a manner to fulfill that prophecy

Personal Psychology (4 decks)

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