Section 14 Flashcards
Acids were first recognized as a distinct class of compounds because their aqueous solutions have which five properties?
- Aqueous solutions of acids have a sour taste. 2. Acids change color of acid-base indicators (red). 3. Some acids react with active metals and release hydrogen gas (H2). 4. Acids react with bases to produce salts and water (neutralization). 5. acids conduct electricity.
Define a Binary Acid
Binary acid- an acid that contains only two different elements: hydrogen and one of the more electronegative elements.
How do you name a binary acid?
The prefix is hyro-. The root of the name of the second element follow the prefix. The name then ends with -ic.
Define oxyacid + 2 examples
Oxyacid- an acid that is a compound of hydrogen, oxygen, and a third element, usually a nonmetal. Examples, Nitric acid, HNO3 & Carbonic acid, H2CO3.
List 5 Common Industrial Acids and briefly describe each.
(Most common) Sulfuric Acid- can be used to remove water from gases with which it does not react. (Also widely used) Nitric Acid- volatile, unstable liquid; suffocating odor, stain skin, and can cause serious burns. (Fertilizers) Phosphoric Acid- essential element used for plants and animals. (Digestion and Food) Hydrochloric Acid- stomach produced it to aid in digestion. (Food supplements) Acetic Acid- clear, colorless, and pungent-smelling liquid
What are the five properties of bases?
- Aqueous solutions of bases taste bitter (chalky). 2. Bases change the color og acid-base indicators (blue). 3. Dilute aqueous solutions of bases feel slippery. 4. Bases react with acids to produce salts and water. 5. Bases conduct electric current.
How did Svente Arrhenius define acids?
An Arrhenius acid is a chemical compound that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions, H+, in aqueous solution.
How did Svente Arrhenius define bases?
An Arrhenius base is a substance that increases the concentratoin of hydroxide ions, OH-, in aqueous solution.
Define Strong Acid
Strong Acid- one that ionizes completely in aqueous solution. (highly ionize in solution)
Define Weak Acid
Weak Acid- an acid that releases few hydrogen ions in aqueous solution. (do not ionize easily)
How do strong and weak bases differ?
Strong bases are strong electrolytes, just as strong acids are strong electrolytes. Weak bases are weak electrolytes.
What id the Bronsted-Lowry definition of an acid?
Bronsted-Lowry Acid - a molecule or ion that is a photon donor
What is the Bronsted-Lowry definition of a base?
Bronsted-Lowry Base - a molecule or ion that is a photon acceptor.
What occurs in a Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reaction?
Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reaction - photons are transferred from one reactant (the acid) to another (the base).
Define Monoprotic Acid
Monoprotic Acid- an acid that can donate only one proton (hydrogen ion) per molecule.
Define Polyprotic Acid
Polyprotic Acid- an acid that can donate more than one proton per molecule.
What is the definition of a Lewis Acid?
Lewis Acid- an atom, ion, or molecule that accepts an electron pair to form a covalent bond
What is the definition of a Lewis Base?
Lewis Base- an atom, ion or molecule that donates an electron pair to form a covalent bond.
What occurs in a Lewis acid-base reaction?
Lewis acid-base reaction - the formation of one or more covalent bonds between an electron-pair donor and an electron-pair acceptor.
What are the three types of Acid-Base Theories and what do their acid and base stand for?
Arrhenius: (acid) H+ or H3O+ producer. (base) OH- producer. Bronsted-Lowry: (acid) proton (H+) donor. (base) proton (H+) acceptor. Lewis: (acid) electron pair acceptor. (base) electron-pair donor.
Define conjugate acid
conjugate acid- the species that is formed when Bronsted-Lowry gains a proton
Define conjugate base
conjugate base- the species that remains after a Bronsted-Lowry acid has given up a proton.
The stroner the acid is, the _____ is the conjugate base.
weaker
The stronger the base is, the _____ is the conjugate acid.
weaker
Proton transfer reactions favor the production of the ____ acid and the ____ base.
weaker; weaker
What is an Amphoteric Compound?
Amphoteric Compound- any species that can react as either an acid or a base (water)
Define Neutralization
Neautralization- the reaction of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions to form water molecules (when acids react with bases to form salts and water).
What is a salt?
A salt is an ionic compound composed of a cation from a base and an anion from an acid.
What is acid rain and how is it formed?
Rainwater is normally slightly acidic but sometimes rain is very acidic and called acid rain. Acid rain results from chemical pollutants reacting with the water in the atmosphere.
