section 12

Question 1

effusion

Answer 1

intra capsular tissue damage. swelling will involve the entire knee and extend above the knee cap.

Question 2

EdEma

Answer 2

Extra capsular tissue damage. swelling will be more localized.

Question 3

anterior capsule (knee)

Answer 3

distal quadriceps tendon, patella and its infra patellar ligament, expansion of quadricep muscles

Question 4

posterior capsule (knee)

Answer 4

oblique (angled) popliteal ligament, arcuate (curved) popliteal ligament, popliteus, gastrocnemius, hamstring muscles.

Question 5

lateral capsule (knee)

Answer 5

lateral collateral ligament, iliotibial band, vastus lateralis muscle

Question 6

medial capsule (knee)

Answer 6

medial collateral ligament, the pes anserine muscle group, and vastus medalis muscle

Question 7

joints of the knee

Answer 7

tibiofemoral (ginglymus)

Patellofemoral (arthrodial)

Question 8

ligaments of the knee

Answer 8

Tibial (medial) collateral ligament- protects from valgus stress.
fibular (lateral) collateral ligament- protects from varus stress.

Question 9

anterior cruciate ligament

Answer 9

protects against anterior displacement of the tibia on the femur. Limits hyperextension and extreme knee flexion

Question 10

posterior cruciate ligament

Answer 10

protects against posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur and antioer displacement of the femur on the tibia.

Question 11

oblique popliteal ligament

Answer 11

reinforces posterior knee joint capsule and resists full knee extension

Question 12

lateral meniscus

Answer 12

has attachments to the arcuate popliteal ligament and popliteus muscle

Question 13

menisci

Answer 13

deepens joint to enhance stability, congruency, and absorb shock. Carry 70% of the weight load on the tibia

Question 14

knee joint movements and range of motion

Answer 14

flexion- 135
extension- 0
rotation (with knee flexed 30 degrees)- 15 internal rotation and 30 external rotation

Question 15

screw home mechanism

Answer 15

during final degrees of knee extension tibia externally rotates 10 degrees. This aligns femoral condyles with the two knee joint menisci and situates the ankle so push off occurs at the first MTP joint for greater power. THIS ACTION LOCKS THE KNEE at both cruciate ligaments.

Question 16

genu varum

Answer 16

bow legged. medial deviation of the tibia. Causes can be weight bearing on weak bones, lead/flouride poisoning. Treatment with braces, casts and special shoes. Can cause early knee arthritis.

Question 17

genu valgum

Answer 17

knock knees. lateral deviation of the tibia. Causes are injury, obesity and rickets. Can’t be treated. Can cause early knee arthritis.

Question 18

Genu recurvatum

Answer 18

backward bow of legs. Causes are weak ligaments, weak hamstrings, tight quads, or equinus.

Question 19

Q angle (quadriceps angle)

Answer 19

The angle formed by the intersection of quad line of pull and the patellar tendon line of pull. Picture on page 118. -10 degrees for men and 15 degrees for women. 20 degrees can increase risk of ACL injury and patella dislocation

Question 20

patellofemoral joint

Answer 20

arthrodial. between the posterior patella and the intercondylar groove of the femur.
Tracking- movement of the patella in it’s groove on the femur.
Improper tracking- altered continual movement of the patella. This breaks down the patella cartilage causing patellofemoral pain syndrome.

Question 21

patella alta vs. patella baja

Answer 21

proper ratio between patella length to patella tendon length is 1:1.
Patella Alta: >1:1. patellar tendon is longer. (camel sign)
Patella Baja: <1:1. Patellar tendon is shorter. (The party is down under)

Question 22

Torsion

Answer 22

internal twist of bone on itself.

Question 23

types of torsion

Answer 23

internal tibial, external tibial, internal femoral, external femoral

Question 24

Testing for torsion

Answer 24

step one: determine if torsion is present while subject is standing. Patella and feet do not line up.
step two: have subject sit on table with feet dangling. Femoral torsion if feet point straight ahead. Tibial torsion if feet point out (external tibial torsion) or in (internal tibial torsion.)