section 10-ethics Flashcards
ethics
- B, practices, decisions that address 3 fundamental questions
- what is the right thing to do
- what is worth doing
- what does it mean to be a good BA?
- that guide how you conduct yourself to help others improve physical, social, psychological, familial, personal condition
- what is the right thing to do
- cultural practices
- differences across time (e.g. 20 yrs ago & now)
things to help guide the decision-making process
- professional training & experience: training as a BA should override personal history
- personal history: should NOT influence the clinical decision.
- context of practice
- legal but unethical: breaking professional confidence; accept valued heirlooms in lieu of payment; engaging in consensual sex with client over 18 yrs old
- illegal & unethical: misrepresent promised services or skills; steal; abuse; consensual sex with client below age 18
- what is worth doing
- address the goals & objectives of practice
1. what are we trying to accomplish
2. how are we trying to accomplish it
3. is the objective social valid
4. what is the risk-benefit ratio
social valid
- when results show meaningful, sig., sustainable change
- goals, procedure, results of an intervention are socially acceptable to the client, BA, society
- NOT every skill has social validity
2 ways to assess social validity
- social comparison
- compare the performance of clients exposed to the intervention with an equivalent or typically developing group
- limitation: normative data may not be really relevant for the client’s functioning
- subjective evaluation of experts
- evaluation by experts that very familiar with the client
- limitation: may not tell us abt the success of an intervention
- what does it mean to be a good BA?
- follow professional codes of conduct BACB
- keep client’s welfare in mind
golden rule
- do unto others as you would have them do unto you
a good practitioner is self regulating
- calibrate decisions OVER TIME to ensure values, contingencies, rights, responsibilities are integrated & an informed combination of these is considered
why we abide by ethics
- meaningful (& social sig.) change
- harm (reduce & eliminate)
- standards: to conform to the ethical standards of learned societies & professional organizations
standards of professional practice for ABA
- written guidelines
- umbrella word for everything
5 documents describe standards of professional conduct & ethical practice for ABA
- the BCBA and BCaBA Behavior analyst TASK LIST fourth edition 2015
- Professional and Ethical Compliance CODE for Behavior Analysts, 2016
- The Right to Effective EDUCATION 1990
- Ethical Principles of PSYCHOLOGISTS and Code of Conduct APA 2010
- The Right to Effective BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT 1989
- the BCBA and BCaBA Behavior analyst TASK LIST fourth edition 2015
- BACB fourth edition since Jan 1, 2015
- describe knowledge, skills, attributes expected of BA
- Professional and Ethical Compliance CODE for Behavior Analysts, 2016
- BACB since Jan 1, 2016
- all BACB are required to adhere to the code
registered behavior technician (RBT)
- paraprofessional who practices under the close, ongoing supervision of a BCBA, BCaBA, FL-CBA
- direct implementation of BA services
- NOT design interventions or assessment plans
- complete 40 hrs of training, pass RBT Competency assessment, pass RBT examination
client/client-surrogate
i.e. best interest of client
any recipient or beneficiary of the professional services provided by a BA
NOT include: third-party INSURER, PAYER, unless you are hired directly under contract by them
NO sexual relationship with clients, students, supervisees
> =2 yrs AFTER formally ended professional relationship
NOT barter 以物易物 for services, unless a WRITTEN agreement is in place for the barter
- request by client or supervisee
- customary to the area where services provided
- fair & commensurate with the value of behavior-analytic services provided
multiple parties as client
- create a hierarchy of parties
- communicate this from the OUTSET of the defined relationship
- identify & communicate who the PRIMARY ultimate beneficiary of services
- advocate for his/her best interest
consent to make a referral
- inform client of the referral process
- inform client abt the other provider’s QUALIFICATIONS
- provide 2-3 referrals for client to choose
client’s service record (not limited to the examples )
- written behavior change plans, assessment, graphs, raw data
- electronic recordings
- progress summaries
- written reports
client’s right & prerogatives
- human rights, legal rights, rights codified within BA, organizational & administrative rules & regulations designed to benefit the client
- accurate & current set of credentials to client & supervises upon request
- consent for electronic recording
- comply for criminal background check
- complaints: inform them right & procedures to complaints with your EMPLOYERS, AUTHORITIES, BACB
confidentiality
- discuss confidentiality at the OUTSET of the relationship & thereafter as NEW circumstances may warrant
- explain limits of confidentiality
1. child abuse
2. imminent 即将发生的 servere harm to another or the person - breaches of confidentiality
1. intentionally: to protect sb. from harm
2. unintentionally: result of carelessness, neglect, misunderstanding of the nature of the confidentiality - if uncertain whether confidentiality applies, assume IT DOES
discloser confidential info
4 legal reasons
- professional consultations
- protect others from harm
- get payment
- provide needed professional services
- consent for disclosure: acquire at OUTSET & going throughout the relationship
effective treatment
- scientifically supported & most effective
- have both long & short term benefits to clients & society
factors to select interventions
- efficiency & cost-effectiveness
- risk & side-effect
- client preference
- practitioner experience & training
documentation
- at least 7 yrs
- facilitate the provision of services later by you or other professionals
- ensure accountability
- meet requirements of organizations & laws
- electronic transmission via HIPAA
contract
BEFORE service
- signed contract: outline responsibilities of all parties
- review the scope of BA service to be provided
- your obligations under CODE
billing
- reach an agreement with client specify compensation & billing as early as possible
- NOT misrepresent your fees
- discuss with client as early as possible if funding limitations may affect or limit services
- revisit with client the financial responsibilities & limits when funding changes
- NO fees/gifts for referrals
treminations
in a timely manner:
- no longer needs it
- no benefit from the services
- harm for the client by continued services
- client requests
prior terminations:
- discuss service needs
- pre-termination services
- transitions
- alternative services
assessment
- prior to recommend or develop interventions
determine which assessment to use
- client’s need & CONSENT
- environment & context
Prior to assessment, explain
- procedure
- who participate
- how result be used
- prior to assessment get written approval
- prior to disclose client record for assessment purpose, get written consent
behavior change program
- FBA
- risk-benefit analysis
- written describe the objective of the program BEFORE implement
- conclude with a course of action that has greater benefits than risks
- implement procedure
- conceptual consistent with BA principles / concepts of Operant Learning & ABA
- involve client in the planning of & CONSENT for the B change program
- MUST TAILOR according to each client
- NO PLAGIARIZE
- written approval BEFORE implement/modify programs
conditions for B change program success
- tell CLIENT abt environmental conditions that necessary for the program to be effective
1. client on board with the process
2. safety
3. resources available
4. reinforcers
conditions interfere implement
- recommend other professional assistance: assessment, consultations, therapeutic intervention by other professionals
hinder implementation
- eliminate environmental constraints
- identify in WRITTEN the obstacles to fixing the environment
punishment
- ALWAYS include R
- ensure appropriate steps been taken to implement R procedures unless SEVERITY / DANGEROUSNESS necessitates IMMEDIATE use of aversive procedures
- give INCREASED level of training, supervision, oversight
- evaluate effectiveness in a timely manner
- modify if ineffective
- ALWAYS include plan to DISCONTINUE
restrictive procedure
- movement &/activity
- ability to acquire +ve R
- access to valued objects &/ activities
harmful R
- harmful to health & development
- requires EXCESSIVE MO to be effective
discontinue/termination
- establish understandable & objective criteria for termination
- describe termination criteria to client
- discontinue when met the criteria
supervisor
- 8 hrs supervision training
- supervisor training curriculum outline
3 hrs CEU in supervision EACH certification cycle
supervisory competence
- types of spefic training & supervision that professionals have had
- including: participating workshops by experts, followed by a practicum 实习课程 experience at a specialized center for treatment & research
supervisory volume
only an amount that allows the supervisor to be effective
- supervises demonstrate improvement in their performance
- manage your time well so that can supervise ALL supervises effectively
supervision conditions
PRIOR to onset of the supervision
- WRITTEN description of purposes, requirements, evaluation criteria, conditions, terms of supervision
feedback to supervisees
- feedback & R that improve supervisee performance
- documented, timely (a few MINUTES after), ongoing basis
- define & model desired skills
- have supervisee demonstrate it
- feedback
evaluate supervision
ONGOING
- generate B goals & criteria for supervises
- ask boss/another supervisor to observe you or video tap you supervising your supervisee
- regular evaluations from supervisees
ethical responsibility to the profession of BA
- obligation to the science of B & the profession of BA: FIRST to place our field over other fields & to science
affirming principles
- ABOVE ALL other professional training, uphold & advance the value, ethics, principles of the profession of BA
- obligate to participate in BA professional & scientific organizations or activities
ethical responsibility to colleagues
- work with colleagues / other professions
- MUST aware of these ethical obligations in all situations
- report abuse if you have firsthand evidence (i.e. u saw it urself) but not for second evidence (i.e. rumor)
ethical violations by others & risk of harm
a. may be legal / ethical violation: FIRST determine potential for harm, possible legal violation, mandatory-reporting condition, agency/organization/regulatory requirement addressing the violation
b. client’s legal rights being violated/potential harm, MUST take action to protect client:
- contact authorities
- following organizational policies
- consult appropriate professionals
- DOCUMENT your efforts to address the matter
c. if informal resolution is appropriate & NO violation any confidentiality
- attempt to solve it by bring it to the attention of the individual
- DOCUMENT
d. if matter meets the reporting requirements of BACB: submit FORMAL compliant to BACB
avoid false/deceptive public statement
- NO false, deceptive, misleading, exaggerated, fraudulent
- NOT implement NON-BA interventions
- must clearly distinguish them from BA practice/certification:
These interventions are not behavior-analytic in nature and are not covered by my BACB credential - NO advertise NON-BA services as behavior analytic/BA
- for billing, invoices, requests for reimbursement, providing services under certain authorizations: NOT identify NON-BA services as BA services
- NOT implement NON-BA services under BA service authorizations
intellectual-property
- obtain permission required by law: citation
2. when delivering lectures, workshops, other presentations, give appropriate credit to authors
testimonials & advertising
- NOT solicit or use testimonials abt services from CURRENT clients
use testimonials from FORMAL clients:
- identify whether solicited or unsolicited
- accurate statement of the relationship between u & the author of the testimonials
- comply with laws abt claims made in the testimonial
advertise:
* describe the types of evidence-based services you provide
* describe qualifications of your staff
* describe objective outcome data you have accrued or published, according to laws
in-person solicitation
- NOT engage directly/through an agent in UNinvited in-person solicitation of business from actual/potential users of services who are vulnerable to undue influence
- with organizational behavior management (OBM) or performance management services you may market to corporate entities regardless of their projected financial position
conduct research independently
- only after you have successfully conducted research under a supervisor in a defined relationship
e. g. thesis, dissertation, specific research project
3 required elements to ensure informed consent
- capacity
- voluntary
- knowledge
use confidential info for didactic 教学 or instructive purpose
- NOT disclose personally identifiable info
- disguise confidential info whenever possible
acceptable ways: random #; non-stereotypical pseudonym 假名.
NON-acceptable ways: first name, initials, stereotypical pseudonym (e.g. that old client)
debriefing
- keep participants NAIVE to the purpose of the research to not bias their responses
- inform participants debriefing will occur at the end of their involvement in the research
- after study is over, debrief them abt the nature & purpose of study, answer questions
grant & journal reviews
- avoid conduct research described in grant proposals or manuscripts that you reviewed, except as replications FULLY credit prior researchers
- NOT steal their ideas for your own research & keep all info a secret
ethical responsibility to BACB
- provide truthful & accurate info in application & documentation submitted to BACB
- immediately correct inaccurate info submitted to BABC
timely responding, reporting, updating BACB
- within 30 days
a. legal related
b. public health & safety related fines, tickets
c. physical, mental condition that would impair your ability to competently practice
d. change name, address, email - ineligible to apply for BACB registration, certification, recertification for 3 yrs from the exhaustion of appeals, completion of parole 假释/probation 缓刑/final relase from confinement 监禁, whichever is later
immediate report to BACB
NOT informal resolution
- suspected or known infringements 侵犯 &/ unauthorized access to examination content &/ other violation of BACB intellectual property rights
- suspected cheaters & other irregularities relating to BACB examination administrations
the right to effective education
1991 Barrett et al.
requires the assessment & educational interventions
- based on research demonstrating the effectiveness
- address functional relations between B & the environment
- monitored & evaluated on a systematic & ongoing basis
- be only considered when they are likely to be effective, based on empirical evidence & assessment results
the right to effective behavioral treatment
1988 Van Houten et al.
- ABA Association for Behavior Analysis
- entails rights of ppl receiving ABA services & how we can make sure clients are served appropriately
6 basic rights
- therapeutic environment
- most effective interventions available
- treatment by a competent behaviorist
- ongoing evaluation & assessment
- teach functional skills
- goal is personal welfare
CEUs
continue education units
- length of recertification cycle: per 2 yrs: BCBA(-D) 32 hrs; BCaBA 20 hrs
- ethics CEUs: 4 hrs per cycle
- BCBA (-D) supervising individuals pursuing BACB certification or the ongoing practice of BCaBAs: 3 hrs of continuing education per cycle
court ruling & laws
WYATT V. STICKNEY 1972
Alabama
- the ruling protects a client’s right to food, privacy, basic activities & these BASIC RIGHTS do not need to be earned
court ruling & laws
HANCOCK V. AVERY 1969
Tennessee
- the ruling protects a client by limiting the duration & placing conditions on the use of a TIME-OUT procedure
court ruling & laws
individuals with disabilities education act (IDEA)
give children with disabilities a right to
- free appropriate public education. does not require that education be state-of-the-art 当前发展水平
- have an individualized education
- their parents have rights, such as an equal say in IEP meetings & the right to request due process if an agreement is not reached
court ruling & laws
health insurance portability and accountability act HIPAA
- protect personal health info
- HIPAA is a federal law that restricts an entity’s ability to disclose &/ protect health information
- HIPAA law requires that all employees receive training in HIPAA policies & specific protocols, which may affect the work you do, include anyone who looks at, use, shares personal health info
court ruling & laws
Favell and Mcgimsey 1993
acceptable characteristics of the treatment environment
- engaging & humane environment
- functional skills: observed evidence pf training & progress
- behavior problems eliminated are individualized definitions, not arbitrary labels & programs
- least restrictive
- stable
- staff: adequate supervision, peer review, programs based on function
- client chooses the environment; client choices are offered
