Section 1 tsar Nicholas II Flashcards
What laws did Stolypin introduce about voting?
He restricted voting to the propertied classes
What was the consequence of this?
The 3rd and 4th Dumas were heavily right wing
What right did the 3rd duma exercise?
It’s right to question state finances and ministers
What did it use its committee system for?
Make important proposals for modernising the army
What social-reform measures did it introduce?
Setting up schools for the poor and national insurance
How long did the 4th duma last?
1912-14
Who made up the fourth Duma?
Those who made up the 3rd duma
What did it criticise the government about?
Lena Goldfield incident and heavy oppression of working class protest
What did it lay down the basis of?
State welfare
Why did it dissolve?
It dissolved itself at the start of WW1
What could it have done if the tsar was more supportive?
Introduce reforms and help development
What did a Moscow Okhrana report claim?
That a lot of Russias tension came from the questions raised by the duma
What did rodzianko plea to the tsar
That he clarify the role of the Duma so that it could play a constructive role in the development of Russia
Why were peasants willing to accept grim factory conditions?
Due to higher wages
What did recurrent recessions cause?
Widespread unemployment
What did widespread unemployment cause ?
Peasants to be on the streets which added to tensions
What did terror tactics do?
Add to tensions
How much did strikes increase by from 1911-14?
Over 2000
What did they have difficulty distinguishing between?
Strikes for better pay and strikes for political protest
What did miners in Siberia demand?
Better pay and conditions
What did their employers appeal for?
The strikers to be arrested as criminals
What happened when the police moved into Lena?
Strikers closed ranks and police opened fire, killing and injuring a large number of strikers
How many victims of acts of terrorism were there?
17,000
What did Guchkov warn in his 1913 conference?
That the government blindness was driving Russia closer to revolution
What had alarmed Russia about the growth of a united Germany?
That having a powerful nation in Central Europe would mean that they wanted to expand eastwards
What alarmed Russia about the formation of austro-Hungarian empire?
That Austria would build on its new strength by an expansionist policy in south-east Europe
What worried Russia about the decline of the Ottoman Empire?
That many would seek independence from their rule and threaten Russian interest in the balkans
Who did Russia believe it had a duty to protect?
the Slav Christian people’s of balkans
Why was it necessary to ensure straits didn’t come under control of hostile power?
75% of grain exports came through the Dardanelles and the interruption of ships through this passage would effect Russia
What was Russia reluctant to take?
Diplomatic initiative
Despite this, what were they willing to do?
Enter alliances to protect its western borders
How did the German chancellor encourage agreements?
He played on their fears of becoming isolated
What frightened Russia into looking for agreements with other powers?
Germanys intention of joining with Austria to assert German influence of the balkans
What startling move did Austro-Hungary make in 1908?
They annexed the Balkan state of Bosnia
Why did the Austrian counterpart urge the Russian foreign minister to accept this?
To create greater stability in the Balkan region
What did he agree for in return?
The promise that it would accept Russias unrestricted right to the use of the Dardanelles
How did the Austrians not follow this promise?
They didn’t make any effort to encourage international recognition if Russias use of the dardanelles
What was the aim of the schlieffen plan?
To avoid a two-front war against France and Russia
What did Nicholas sign on the 30th July 1914?
Full mobilisation
What did he hope to do by signing this?
Leave Russia free to hold back from war
Why did Germany declare war on Russia?
Because Germany wanted them to cease their mobilisation, but received no response from Russia
What do George Kennan and leopold Haimson argue?
That the regime would have collapsed- war or no war
Why were the revolutionary parties considered incapable of mounting a successful assault of the tsar?
They were only on the fringe of political opposition
Where were the leading figures of revolutionary parties?
Mostly in exile
Why did Germany fear Russia?
They considered the, a great military force with vast resources
What was the tsars estimate about his peoples loyalty?
That 4/5ths of his people were dedicated and loyal
What persistent problems didn’t indicate the tsars doom?
Social disparity and poverty
Where was growth seen in the railways?
The trans-Siberian railway was bringing Russias distant provinces in touch with the centre.
What did migration and resettlement allow for?
Natural and Human Resources to be utilised
How much had economy and agriculture grown?
By 6%
How much of the population consisted of peasantry by 1914?
4/5ths
What was the view of Alex Nove?
That Russia could have lead a reasonable existence had the growth in industry and agriculture persisted
What was the view of David Christian?
Many areas of Russia remained loyal to tsardom after 1914
