Section 1 - Pgs 1-2

Question 1

What are the 3 states of matter?

Answer 1

• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas

Question 2

What decides which state a material is in?

Answer 2

How strong the forces of attraction between the particles are.

Question 3

What factors affect the strength of the forces between particles in a material (and therefore its state)?

Answer 3

1) Material
2) Temperature
3) Pressure

Question 4

How are particles arranged in a solid and why?

Answer 4

• Close together
• Fixed positions, but vibrate on the spot
• Lattice arrangement
  This is due to strong forces of attraction between particles.

Question 5

How do particles in a solid move?

Answer 5

They are fixed in position, but vibrate on the spot.

Question 6

How do solids behave as material?

Answer 6

• Keep a definite shape and volume

- Cannot be compressed

Question 7

How are particles arranged in a liquid and why?

Answer 7

• Randomly arranged
• Free to move past each other with random motion
• Usually stay close together
  This is due to weak forces of attraction between particles.

Question 8

How do liquids behave as a material?

Answer 8

• Keep a definite volume

- No definite shape -> Flow to fill bottom of a container

Question 9

How do particles move in a liquid?

Answer 9

Constantly with random motion.

Question 10

How are particles arranged in a gas and why?

Answer 10

• Far apart
• Free to move with random motion
• No fixed formation
  This is due to very weak forces of attraction between particles.

Question 11

How do gases behave as a material?

Answer 11

• No definite shape or volume

- Always fill any container

Question 12

How do particles move in a gas?

Answer 12

Constantly in straight lines with random motion.

Question 13

What is melting?

Answer 13

The change from solid to liquid (by supplying energy).

Question 14

What is freezing?

Answer 14

The change from liquid to solid (as energy is given out).

Question 15

What is evaporation?

Answer 15

The change from liquid to gas (by supplying energy).

Question 16

What is condensation?

Answer 16

The change from gas to liquid (as energy is given out).

Question 17

What is sublimation?

Answer 17

The change straight from solid to gas (by supplying energy).

Question 18

What happens when a solid is heated?

Answer 18

• Particles gain energy and vibrate more
• This weakens the forces between particles and the solid expands
• At a certain temperature, particles have enough energy to break free from their positions
• This is called melting

Question 19

What happens when a liquid is heated?

Answer 19

• Particles gain energy and move faster
• This weakens the forces holding the liquid together and the liquid expands
• Eventually, some particles have enough energy to break from the liquid and become a gas
• This is called evaporation/boiling

Question 20

Do particles always have kinetic energy?

Answer 20

Yes, above -273*C (absolute zero) they do.

Question 21

What is the difference between evaporation and boiling?

Answer 21

Evaporation - The change from liquid to gas below the boiling point of the material and only on the surface.
Boiling - The change from liquid to gas above the boiling point of the material and throughout the liquid.

Question 22

In terms of states of matter, what are bonds?

Answer 22

Forces which hold particles together in a solid or liquid.

Question 23

What happens to the temperature of a liquid when evaporation happens and why?

Answer 23

The kinetic energy (and therefore, temperature) decreases because only the particles with the most kinetic energy escape the liquid.

Question 24

What happens to the temperature of a material when it is heated to its melting or boiling point and why?

Answer 24

The temperature stops increasing because all of the energy is being used to break bonds in the material.

Question 25

Which changes of state require energy to be supplied?

Answer 25

- Melting - Evaporation - Sublimation

Question 26

What is diffusion?

Answer 26

The gradual movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration.

Question 27

Describe an experiment to demonstrate diffusion and dilution - potassium manganate(VII).

Answer 27

Potassium manganate(VII) is bright purple. 1) Fill a beaker with water. 2) Place some potassium manganate at the bottom. 3) The purple colour should spread around the beaker (diffusion). 4) More water can be added to make the colour of the solution lighter (dilution).

Question 28

What is dilution?

Answer 28

Reducing the concentration of a solute in a solution (usually by adding more solvent).

Question 29

Describe an experiment to demonstrate diffusion - ammonia and hydrogen chloride.

Answer 29

Aqueous ammonia gives off ammonia gas and hydrochloric acid gives off hydrogen chloride gas. 1) Set up a glass tube. 2) Put some cotton wool soaked in aqueous ammonia at one end. 3) Put some cotton wool soaked in hydrochloric acid at the other end. 4) Stopper the ends. 5) The ammonia gas diffuses from one end of the tube and hydrogen chloride diffuses from the other. 6) A white ring of ammonium chloride forms on the tube where the gases meet. This is closer to the hydrochloric acid. 7) This is because the particles of ammonia are smaller and lighter so they diffuse through the air more quickly.

Question 30

Describe an experiment to demonstrate diffusion - bromine gas and air.

Answer 30

Bromine gas is brown. 1) Fill half a gas jar full of bromine gas and the other half full of air. Separate the gases with a glass plate. 2) When the glass plate is removed, the brown bromine gas diffuses through the air.

Question 31

What 3 experiments can be used to demonstrate diffusion?

Answer 31

- Potassium manganate and water - Ammonia and hydrogen chloride - Bromine gas and air

Question 32

What experiment can be used to demonstrate dilution?

Answer 32

- Diluting potassium manganate by adding water

Question 33

How do particles move in a gas?

Answer 33

Constantly in straight lines with random motion.