Section 1 - Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Name the 5 functions of the skeletal system.
(1) Support
(2) Protection
(3) Movement
(4) Blood cell production
(5) Mineral storage
Name the 4 types of bones.
(1) Long bones
(2) Short bones
(3) Irregular bones
(4) Flat bones
Give 2 examples of each type of bone.
FLAT:
Cranium
Sternum
SHORT:
Carpals
Tarsals
LONG:
Femur
Humerus
IRREGULAR:
Pelvis
Name the 8 types of joint movement.
(1) Flexion
(2) Extension
(3) Adduction
(4) Abduction
(5) Rotation
(6) Circumduction
(7) Plantar-flexion
(8) Dorsi-flexion
Name the types of joint and give an example.
Ball and socket:
Hip
Shoulder
Hinge:
Knee
Ankle
Elbow
Condyloid:
Wrist
Pivot:
Neck
Name the types of movement that occurs at a ball and socket joint.
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Rotation Circumduction
Name the types of movement that occur at a hinge joint.
Flexion
Extension
Name the types of movement that occur at a condyloid joint
Flexion Extension Adduction Abduction Circumduction
Name the types of movement that occur at a pivot joint.
Rotation
What to ligaments attach ?
Bone to bone
What do tendons attach ?
Muscle to bone
Name the features in a synovial joint.
Ligaments - hold the joint together
Cartilage - covers end of bones for friction free surface
Synovial membrane - releases synovial fluids to lubricate joint
Bursae - fluid filled sacs which reduce friction between bones/tissues
Name the 2 types of muscle
(1) VOLUNTARY (SKELETAL)
attached to the skeleton and are under your control. they help to move the body
(2) INVOLUNTARY (SMOOTH)
work internal organs without effort from the person e.g. muscles in blood vessels control amount of blood flowing to voluntary muscles.
Give a sporting example for each type of movement and the muscle involved.
FLEXION:
- hamstrings at the knee
- bring foot back before kicking a ball
EXTENSION:
- triceps at the elbow
- forehand in badminton
PLANTAR-FLEXION:
- gastrocnemius at the ankle
- standing on the toes in ballet pointe work
DORSI-FLEXION:
- at the ankle
- heel side turn in snowboarding
ROTATION & CIRCUMDUCTION & ADDUCTION:
- latissimus dorsi at the shoulder
- butterfly stroke
ABDUCTION:
- gluteals at the hip
- pushing forward when running
What are antagonistic muscles ?
Pairs of muscles that work against each other to produce movement. One relaxes (antagonist) and other contracts (agonist)
Name some antagonistic muscle pairs.
KNEE:
flexion - hamstring = agnostic
quads = antagonist
extension - vice versa
ELBOW:
flexion - bicep = agonist
triceps = antagonist
extension - vice versa
HIP:
flexion - hip flexors = agonist
gluteus = antagonist
extension - vice versa
ANKLE:
plantar-flexion - gastrocnemius = agonist
tibialis anterior = antagonist
dorsi-flexion - vice versa
Name the 4 types muscle contraction.
(1) Isometric contraction - muscle stays same length
(2) Isotonic contraction - muscle changes length
(3) Concentric contraction - muscles shortens, pulls on bone to produce movement e.g upward phase of bicep curl.
(4) Eccentric contraction - muscle lengthens, gives control of speed e.g. downward phase of bicep curl
Name the 2 types of muscle fibre.
SLOW TWITCH:
Type I - low intensity aerobic work, less fatigue
FAST TWITCH:
Type IIA - anaerobic work, can be improved through endurance training
Type IIX - anaerobic work, greater force, fatigue quickly
Name the 2 heart circuits.
PULMONARY:
right side - lungs - left side
SYSTEMIC:
left side - body - right side
What is tidal volume ?
The amount of air you breathe in or out during one breath. It increases during exercise.
What is vital capacity?
The most air you could possible breathe in after breathing out the largest volume of air you can.
What is a spirometer ?
Measures the volume of air moving in and out of someone’s lungs.
What is aerobic exercise and the equation ?
Activity with oxygen
Glucose + Oxygen —> CO2 + Water + Energy
What is anaerobic activity and it’s equation ?
Activity without oxygen
Glucose —> lactic acid + energy
What are the short term effects of exercise in the muscular system ?
- release of extra energy generates heat which makes you hot
- lactic acid causes muscle pain
- EPOC
- periods of rest are needed
What are the short term effects of exercise in the respiratory system ?
- pectorals expand the lungs to allow extra air
- muscles in abdomen pull ribcage down so you breathe out faster
What are the short term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system ?
- heart rate increases
- stroke volume increases
- cardiac output increases
- blood pressure increases = increased blood and oxygen supply.
