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gcse pe aqa > Section 1 - Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Section 1 - Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the functions of the skeletal system.

A

Support
shape
Protection (flat bones)
Movement
mineral storage
Blood cell production

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2
Q

Name the 4 types of bones.

A

(1) Long bones
(2) Short bones
(3) Irregular bones
(4) Flat bones

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3
Q

Give 2 examples of each type of bone.

A

FLAT:
Cranium
Sternum

SHORT:
Carpals
Tarsals

LONG:
Femur
Humerus

IRREGULAR:
Pelvis

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4
Q

Name the 8 types of joint movement.

A

(1) Flexion
(2) Extension
(3) Adduction
(4) Abduction
(5) Rotation
(6) Circumduction
(7) Plantar-flexion
(8) Dorsi-flexion

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5
Q

Name the types of joint and give an example.

A

Ball and socket:
Hip
Shoulder

Hinge:
Knee
Ankle
Elbow

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6
Q

Name the types of movement that occurs at a ball and socket joint.

A

Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction

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7
Q

Name the types of movement that occur at a hinge joint.

A

Flexion
Extension

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8
Q

What do ligaments attach ?

A

Bone to bone

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9
Q

What do tendons attach ?

A

Muscle to bone

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10
Q

Name the features in a synovial joint.

A

Joint capsule - held together by ligaments + encloses joint and supports it

Ligaments - hold the joint together

Cartilage - covers end of bones for friction free surface

Synovial membrane - releases synovial fluids to lubricate joint

Bursae - fluid filled sacs which reduce friction between bones/tissues

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11
Q

Where can flexion/extension take place?

A

Shoulder
Elbow
Hip
Knee

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12
Q

Where can abduction/adduction take place?

A

Shoulder

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13
Q

Where can rotation occur?

A

Shoulder

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14
Q

Where does planter flexion/ dorsi flexion occur?

A

Ankle

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15
Q

Name major joints and there articulating bones :

A

Hip = Pelvis + Femur
Shoulder = Humerus + Scapula
Knee = Femur + tibia
Ankle = Tibia + fibula + talus
Elbow = Humerus + Radius + Ulna

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16
Q

What are antagonistic muscles ?

A

Pairs of muscles that work against each other to produce movement. One relaxes (antagonist) and other contracts (agonist/ prime mover)

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17
Q

Name all antagonistic muscle pairs.

A

KNEE:
flexion - hamstring = agnostic
quads = antagonist

extension - vice versa

ELBOW:
flexion - bicep = agonist
triceps = antagonist

extension - vice versa

HIP:
flexion - hip flexors = agonist
gluteus = antagonist

extension - vice versa

ANKLE:
plantar-flexion - gastrocnemius = agonist
tibialis anterior = antagonist

dorsi-flexion - vice versa

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18
Q

Name the 4 types muscle contraction.

A

(1) Isometric contraction - muscle stays same length
(2) Isotonic contraction - muscle changes length
(3) Concentric contraction - muscles shortens, pulls on bone to produce movement e.g upward phase of bicep curl.
(4) Eccentric contraction - muscle lengthens, gives control of speed e.g. downward phase of bicep curl

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19
Q

State the pathway of air.

A

Mouth/nose -> Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Lungs -> Alveoli

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20
Q

Features that assist in gaseous exchange at the alveoli:

A

(1) Large surface area + moist thin walls (one cell thick) allows short diffusion distance
(2) Lots of capillaries = large blood supply

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21
Q

What is the gaseous exchange movement that takes place at the alveoli?

A

DIFFUSION - Movement of gases from a high concentration to a low concentration (down concentration gradient)

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22
Q

What is a oxyhaemoglobin?

A

Where oxygen combines with Haemoglobin in the red blood cells.
Haemoglobin can also carry CO2

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23
Q

Structure of Arteries + function.

A

Carry blood AWAY from heart
All Arteries carry oxygentaed blood EXCEPT for the pulmonary artery
Thick, muscular (elastic) walls = carrying blood at high pressure
small lumen

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24
Q

Structure of Veins + function.

A

Carry blood TOWARDS the heart
All Veins carry deoxygenated blood EXCEPT pulmonary veins
Thin walls = carry blood at low pressure
Large Lumen
Valves = stop blood flowing wrong way

25
Q

Structure of Capillaries + function.

A

Carry blood through the body to exchange gases + nutrients with the body’s tissues
Very thin walls = substances can easily pass through
narrow = lots of them can fit into the body’s tissue
Large surface area = gaseous exchange happens easily + blood flows through them slowly - giving more time for gaseous exchange.

26
Q

Name and explain the two other types of blood vessels.

A

Arterioles (branch off arteries) = oxygenated blood flows through arteries into arterioles then into capillaries

`Venules = After gases have been exchanged between the capillaries blood is transported into venules, where it flows back into the veins

27
Q

what is vasodilation and vasoconstriction?

A

Vasodilation = blood vessels get wider, decreases blood pressure - happens during exercise

Vasoconstriction = blood vessels constrict get narrower

28
Q

State Pathway of blood.

A

RIGHT SIDE
Deoxygenated blood into right Atrium from vena carva (vein) as heart relaxes (Diastole)
Right Atrium contracts (systole) pushing blood through a valve into right Ventricle
Right Ventricle contracts pushing blood through another valve into the Pulmonary Artery (carries deoxygenated blood to lungs)
Gaseseous exchange occurs in lungs - blood is oxygenated

LEFT SIDE
Oxygenated blood enters left Atrium from pulmonary Vein as heart relaxes
Left Atrium contracts, pushing blood through a valve into left Ventricle
Left Ventricle contracts, pushing blood through another valve to aorta (artery)
(transports oxygentated blood to rest of body + muscles)
When the muscles have used the oxygen in the blood it becomes deoxygenated again.

29
Q

State and explain what diastole and systole + what is one cardiac cycle.

A

DIASTOLE = heart relaxes + fills
SYSTOLE = contracts + pumps blood out (ejection)
Both sides of the heart relax and contract at the same time

ONE CARDIAC CYCLE = a phase of diastole + systole - ‘one heartbeat’

30
Q

What is the function of valves?

A

Valves OPEN due to pressure and let blood fill the heart chamber
valves CLOSE to prevent backflow

31
Q

What is the calculation for cardiac output?

A

Heart rate x Stroke volume

32
Q

Definition of Heart rate.

A

Number of times your heart beats per minute

33
Q

Definition of stroke volume.

A

Amount of blood each ventricle pumps with each contraction/ heartbeat

34
Q

Definition of Cardiac Output.

A

Volume of blood pumped be a ventricle per minute

35
Q

What happens to your heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output during and after exercise?

A

increases - will stay high after exercise until any oxygen debt is paid off

36
Q

What happens to your blood pressure during exercise (Systolic + Diastolic)

A

SYSTOLIC = Increases
DIASTOLIC = doesn’t change much (blood pressure when heart is relaxed)

37
Q

What is anticipatory rise + where will it be found on a heart rate graph?

A

Just before you start exercising heart rate increases – person starts to think about taking part in exercise

38
Q

Explain Inspiration (at rest).

A

INSPIRATION = Diaphragm + intercostal muscles contract to move ribcage upwards and expand chest cavity. Decreasing air pressure in the lungs, drawing air in.

39
Q

Explain Expiration (at rest)

A

EXPIRATION = Diaphragm + intercostals relax moving ribcage down and shrinking chest cavity. Increases air pressure in the lungs, forcing air out of lungs.

40
Q

What muscles are used for Inspiration during exercise + why?

A
  • Pectorals
  • Sternocleidomastoid
    Expand lungs more to let extra air in = more oxygen taken in and transferred to blood = helps meet increased demand for oxygen in muscles during exercise.
41
Q

What muscles are used for Expiration during exercise + why?

A
  • Abdominal muscles
    Pull ribcage down and shrink chest cavity quicker so you breathe out faster. Helps you breathe out the extra carbon dioxide produced during aerobic respiration = can do exercise for longer.
42
Q

What causes Inhalation + Exhalation?

A

Changes in air pressure.

43
Q

What is tidal volume ?

A

The amount of air you breathe in or out during one breath. It increases during exercise as you take deeper breaths.

44
Q

What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume? What happens to it during excercise?

A

Maximum amount of additional air that can be taken into the lungs after a normal breath.
Decreases during exercise due to breathing in more air so you cant breathe in as much extra air.

45
Q

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume? What happens to it during exercise?

A

Maximum amount of additional air that can be forced out of the lungs after a normal breath.
Decreases during exercise due to breathing out more air than normal so you can’t breathe out as much extra air.

46
Q

What is Residual Volume? What happens during exercise?

A

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum forceful expiration.
Stays same during exercise

47
Q

What happens to Tidal volume and Breathing rate during Exercise?

A

Increases

48
Q

What is a spirometer ?

A

Measures the volume of air moving in and out of someone’s lungs.

49
Q

What is aerobic exercise and the equation ?

A

Exercise with oxygen

Glucose + Oxygen —> CO2 + Water + Energy

50
Q

What is anaerobic activity and it’s equation ?

A

Exercise without oxygen

Glucose —> lactic acid + energy

51
Q

Name a sporting example that uses aerobic respiration.

A

Marathon runner
Exercising long periods of time however not too fast but steady.

52
Q

Name a sporting example that uses anaerobic respiration.

A

Sprinter
Exercise is short duration but high intensity

53
Q

Definition of EPOC.

A

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)/oxygen debt as the result of muscles respiring anaerobically during vigorous exercise and producing lactic acid.

54
Q

How does a performer repay the oxygen debt?

A

Requires a maintained increased breathing rate after exercise.

55
Q

What are the Immediate Effects of Exercise (during exercise) ?

A
  • Hot/ sweaty/ red skin
  • Increase in depth + frequency of breathing
  • Increased heart rate
56
Q

What are the Short Term Effects of Exercise (24 to 36 hours after exercise) ?

A
  • Tiredness + fatigue
  • Light headedness
  • Nausea
  • Aching / Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS) / Cramp
57
Q

What are the Long Term Effects of Exercise (months and years of exercising) ?

A
  • Body shape may change
  • Improvements in specific COF
  • Build muscle strength (Muscular Hypertrophy)
  • Improve suppleness
  • Improve stamina
  • Increase in the size of the heat (Cardiac Hypertrophy)
    -Lower resting heart rate (Bradycardia)
58
Q

Suggest different recovery processes from vigorous exersice.

A
  • COOL DOWN – maintain elevated breathing rate/heart rate (blood flow), stretching, removal of lactic acid
  • MANIPULATION OF DIET – rehydration, carbohydrates for energy
  • ICE BATHS / MASSAGE – prevention of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).

gcse pe aqa (6 decks)

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