Section 1 - Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Name the functions of the skeletal system.
Support
shape
Protection (flat bones)
Movement
mineral storage
Blood cell production
Name the 4 types of bones.
(1) Long bones
(2) Short bones
(3) Irregular bones
(4) Flat bones
Give 2 examples of each type of bone.
FLAT:
Cranium
Sternum
SHORT:
Carpals
Tarsals
LONG:
Femur
Humerus
IRREGULAR:
Pelvis
Name the 8 types of joint movement.
(1) Flexion
(2) Extension
(3) Adduction
(4) Abduction
(5) Rotation
(6) Circumduction
(7) Plantar-flexion
(8) Dorsi-flexion
Name the types of joint and give an example.
Ball and socket:
Hip
Shoulder
Hinge:
Knee
Ankle
Elbow
Name the types of movement that occurs at a ball and socket joint.
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction
Name the types of movement that occur at a hinge joint.
Flexion
Extension
What do ligaments attach ?
Bone to bone
What do tendons attach ?
Muscle to bone
Name the features in a synovial joint.
Joint capsule - held together by ligaments + encloses joint and supports it
Ligaments - hold the joint together
Cartilage - covers end of bones for friction free surface
Synovial membrane - releases synovial fluids to lubricate joint
Bursae - fluid filled sacs which reduce friction between bones/tissues
Where can flexion/extension take place?
Shoulder
Elbow
Hip
Knee
Where can abduction/adduction take place?
Shoulder
Where can rotation occur?
Shoulder
Where does planter flexion/ dorsi flexion occur?
Ankle
Name major joints and there articulating bones :
Hip = Pelvis + Femur
Shoulder = Humerus + Scapula
Knee = Femur + tibia
Ankle = Tibia + fibula + talus
Elbow = Humerus + Radius + Ulna
What are antagonistic muscles ?
Pairs of muscles that work against each other to produce movement. One relaxes (antagonist) and other contracts (agonist/ prime mover)
Name all antagonistic muscle pairs.
KNEE:
flexion - hamstring = agnostic
quads = antagonist
extension - vice versa
ELBOW:
flexion - bicep = agonist
triceps = antagonist
extension - vice versa
HIP:
flexion - hip flexors = agonist
gluteus = antagonist
extension - vice versa
ANKLE:
plantar-flexion - gastrocnemius = agonist
tibialis anterior = antagonist
dorsi-flexion - vice versa
Name the 4 types muscle contraction.
(1) Isometric contraction - muscle stays same length
(2) Isotonic contraction - muscle changes length
(3) Concentric contraction - muscles shortens, pulls on bone to produce movement e.g upward phase of bicep curl.
(4) Eccentric contraction - muscle lengthens, gives control of speed e.g. downward phase of bicep curl
State the pathway of air.
Mouth/nose -> Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Lungs -> Alveoli
Features that assist in gaseous exchange at the alveoli:
(1) Large surface area + moist thin walls (one cell thick) allows short diffusion distance
(2) Lots of capillaries = large blood supply
What is the gaseous exchange movement that takes place at the alveoli?
DIFFUSION - Movement of gases from a high concentration to a low concentration (down concentration gradient)
What is a oxyhaemoglobin?
Where oxygen combines with Haemoglobin in the red blood cells.
Haemoglobin can also carry CO2
Structure of Arteries + function.
Carry blood AWAY from heart
All Arteries carry oxygentaed blood EXCEPT for the pulmonary artery
Thick, muscular (elastic) walls = carrying blood at high pressure
small lumen
Structure of Veins + function.
Carry blood TOWARDS the heart
All Veins carry deoxygenated blood EXCEPT pulmonary veins
Thin walls = carry blood at low pressure
Large Lumen
Valves = stop blood flowing wrong way
Structure of Capillaries + function.
Carry blood through the body to exchange gases + nutrients with the body’s tissues
Very thin walls = substances can easily pass through
narrow = lots of them can fit into the body’s tissue
Large surface area = gaseous exchange happens easily + blood flows through them slowly - giving more time for gaseous exchange.
Name and explain the two other types of blood vessels.
Arterioles (branch off arteries) = oxygenated blood flows through arteries into arterioles then into capillaries
`Venules = After gases have been exchanged between the capillaries blood is transported into venules, where it flows back into the veins
what is vasodilation and vasoconstriction?
Vasodilation = blood vessels get wider, decreases blood pressure - happens during exercise
Vasoconstriction = blood vessels constrict get narrower
State Pathway of blood.
RIGHT SIDE
Deoxygenated blood into right Atrium from vena carva (vein) as heart relaxes (Diastole)
Right Atrium contracts (systole) pushing blood through a valve into right Ventricle
Right Ventricle contracts pushing blood through another valve into the Pulmonary Artery (carries deoxygenated blood to lungs)
Gaseseous exchange occurs in lungs - blood is oxygenated
LEFT SIDE
Oxygenated blood enters left Atrium from pulmonary Vein as heart relaxes
Left Atrium contracts, pushing blood through a valve into left Ventricle
Left Ventricle contracts, pushing blood through another valve to aorta (artery)
(transports oxygentated blood to rest of body + muscles)
When the muscles have used the oxygen in the blood it becomes deoxygenated again.
State and explain what diastole and systole + what is one cardiac cycle.
DIASTOLE = heart relaxes + fills
SYSTOLE = contracts + pumps blood out (ejection)
Both sides of the heart relax and contract at the same time
ONE CARDIAC CYCLE = a phase of diastole + systole - ‘one heartbeat’
What is the function of valves?
Valves OPEN due to pressure and let blood fill the heart chamber
valves CLOSE to prevent backflow
What is the calculation for cardiac output?
Heart rate x Stroke volume
Definition of Heart rate.
Number of times your heart beats per minute
Definition of stroke volume.
Amount of blood each ventricle pumps with each contraction/ heartbeat
Definition of Cardiac Output.
Volume of blood pumped be a ventricle per minute
What happens to your heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output during and after exercise?
increases - will stay high after exercise until any oxygen debt is paid off
What happens to your blood pressure during exercise (Systolic + Diastolic)
SYSTOLIC = Increases
DIASTOLIC = doesn’t change much (blood pressure when heart is relaxed)
What is anticipatory rise + where will it be found on a heart rate graph?
Just before you start exercising heart rate increases – person starts to think about taking part in exercise
Explain Inspiration (at rest).
INSPIRATION = Diaphragm + intercostal muscles contract to move ribcage upwards and expand chest cavity. Decreasing air pressure in the lungs, drawing air in.
Explain Expiration (at rest)
EXPIRATION = Diaphragm + intercostals relax moving ribcage down and shrinking chest cavity. Increases air pressure in the lungs, forcing air out of lungs.
What muscles are used for Inspiration during exercise + why?
- Pectorals
- Sternocleidomastoid
Expand lungs more to let extra air in = more oxygen taken in and transferred to blood = helps meet increased demand for oxygen in muscles during exercise.
What muscles are used for Expiration during exercise + why?
- Abdominal muscles
Pull ribcage down and shrink chest cavity quicker so you breathe out faster. Helps you breathe out the extra carbon dioxide produced during aerobic respiration = can do exercise for longer.
What causes Inhalation + Exhalation?
Changes in air pressure.
What is tidal volume ?
The amount of air you breathe in or out during one breath. It increases during exercise as you take deeper breaths.
What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume? What happens to it during excercise?
Maximum amount of additional air that can be taken into the lungs after a normal breath.
Decreases during exercise due to breathing in more air so you cant breathe in as much extra air.
What is Expiratory Reserve Volume? What happens to it during exercise?
Maximum amount of additional air that can be forced out of the lungs after a normal breath.
Decreases during exercise due to breathing out more air than normal so you can’t breathe out as much extra air.
What is Residual Volume? What happens during exercise?
Volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum forceful expiration.
Stays same during exercise
What happens to Tidal volume and Breathing rate during Exercise?
Increases
What is a spirometer ?
Measures the volume of air moving in and out of someone’s lungs.
What is aerobic exercise and the equation ?
Exercise with oxygen
Glucose + Oxygen —> CO2 + Water + Energy
What is anaerobic activity and it’s equation ?
Exercise without oxygen
Glucose —> lactic acid + energy
Name a sporting example that uses aerobic respiration.
Marathon runner
Exercising long periods of time however not too fast but steady.
Name a sporting example that uses anaerobic respiration.
Sprinter
Exercise is short duration but high intensity
Definition of EPOC.
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)/oxygen debt as the result of muscles respiring anaerobically during vigorous exercise and producing lactic acid.
How does a performer repay the oxygen debt?
Requires a maintained increased breathing rate after exercise.
What are the Immediate Effects of Exercise (during exercise) ?
- Hot/ sweaty/ red skin
- Increase in depth + frequency of breathing
- Increased heart rate
What are the Short Term Effects of Exercise (24 to 36 hours after exercise) ?
- Tiredness + fatigue
- Light headedness
- Nausea
- Aching / Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS) / Cramp
What are the Long Term Effects of Exercise (months and years of exercising) ?
- Body shape may change
- Improvements in specific COF
- Build muscle strength (Muscular Hypertrophy)
- Improve suppleness
- Improve stamina
- Increase in the size of the heat (Cardiac Hypertrophy)
-Lower resting heart rate (Bradycardia)
Suggest different recovery processes from vigorous exersice.
- COOL DOWN – maintain elevated breathing rate/heart rate (blood flow), stretching, removal of lactic acid
- MANIPULATION OF DIET – rehydration, carbohydrates for energy
- ICE BATHS / MASSAGE – prevention of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).
