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Physiology III > Secretions from Salivary Glands & Stomach > Flashcards

Secretions from Salivary Glands & Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

what’s triggered by anticipation of food?

A

autonomic and endocrine reflexes
acts to prepare GI tract

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2
Q

what are the three phases of salivary gland secretion?

A

cephalic
gastric
intestinal

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3
Q

what’s the cephalic phase of saliva secretion?

A

food anticipation

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4
Q

what’s the gastric phase of salivary secretion?

A

mechanical stim of oral cavity and stomach

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5
Q

what’s the intestinal phase of saliva secretion?

A

regulation of stomach emptying and digestion/absorption in SI

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6
Q

what glands produce saliva?

A

parotid, mandibular, lingual, buccal

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7
Q

what is the major source of water and bicarb to a cattle rumen?

A

SALIVA

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8
Q

what’s saliva made of?

A

mostly water
som electrolytes
salivary protein
urea (ruminants)

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9
Q

saliva functions

A

solvent for molecules to stimulate taste buds, food lube, keeps mouth clean, has buffer/lysozymes/antitoxic

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10
Q

salivary glands are ___ glands

A

acinar

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11
Q

what are acini?

A

secretory units

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12
Q

fluid is secreted into the lumen of acini and is ___ on the way through intercalated and striated ducts

A

modified

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13
Q

what is a salivary mucocele?

A

painless swelling of neck or in oral cavity
caused by saliva collection from a damaged salivary gland/duct

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14
Q

what creates hypotonic saliva?

A

iso-osmotic secretion by acini cells and selected reabsorption by duct cells

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15
Q

how do acini cells release proteins and mucus?

A

exocytosis

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16
Q

what do acini cells secrete?

A

Cl-, bicarb, K+, Na+, water

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17
Q

duct cells ___ Na+ and Cl- in exchange for H+ and bicarb

A

reabsorb

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18
Q

__ is recycled for K+

A

H+

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19
Q

saliva osmolarity is determined by ___

A

flow rate

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20
Q

saliva is ___ at low flow rates

A

hypotonic

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21
Q

at high flow rates, ___ concentration increases in saliva.

A

electrolyte

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22
Q

what happens to saliva in relation to plasma during high flow rates?

A

saliva becomes isotonic in relation to plasma

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23
Q

protein concentration ___ affected by saliva flow rate

A

IS NOT

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24
Q

saliva from different glands varies in ___ concentration

A

protein

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25
Q

serous means more ___

A

protein

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26
Q

mucous means ___

A

more glycoproteins aka proteins with oligosaccharide chains

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27
Q

parotid gland consists of…

A

serous cells providing protein to saliva

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28
Q

sublingual, submandibular glands contain…

A

mix of mucus and serous cells

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29
Q

what is ptyaline (alpha amylase)?

A

initiates starch digestion in pigs and humans
NOT carnivore/horse

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30
Q

where is lingual lipase most frequently present?

A

young animals on milk diet

31
Q

what does lingual lipase do?

A

initiates hydrolysis of triglycerides into diacylglyceride and free FA

32
Q

in ruminants and herbivores, saliva consists of ___ and ___ proteins

A

lysozymes
antitoxic protein

33
Q

what are the antibacterial effects of lysozymes?

A

hydrolytic enzymes
*loss of peptidoglycan integrity results in rapid cell lysis in hypo-osmotic environment

34
Q

what are tannins?

A

phenolic compounds made by plants as defense mechanism against herbivores
creates bitter taste to reduce tasteness
has NEGATIVE GI tract effect

35
Q

tannins cause a ___ of food intake, ___ in ruminal protein degradation, and ___ digestive enzymes by binding and forming insoluble complexes

A

REDUCTION/INHIBIT

36
Q

which species likely has a bigger parotid gland?

A

browser&raquo_space; grazer

37
Q

how is tannin neutralized?

A

parotid glands producing proline rich proteins

38
Q

browsers eat plant material with ___ tannin concentrations. they have ___ parotid glands than grazers

A

higher, larger

39
Q

explain the buffer function of saliva in ruminants

A

buffers rumen fluid
microbial activity constantly produces VFA, which is buffered by bicarb from saliva.
ruminant saliva pH 8, has NO enzymes

40
Q

what are the four components of gastric juice?

A

HCl
pepsinogen
mucus
intrinsic factor

41
Q

what does the HCl do in gastric juice?

A

reduces pH of stomach, activates pepsinogen, aids in protein digestion, kills bacteria

42
Q

what does pepsinogen do i gastric juice?

A

inactive/active digests protein

43
Q

what does mucus do in gastric juice?

A

protects gastric mucosa from corrosive actions of HCl

44
Q

what does the intrinsic factor do in gastric juice?

A

necessary for absorption of vitamin B12 in ileum

45
Q

which species have glandular mucosa in stomach?

A

dog, cat

46
Q

which species have non-glandular mucosa in stomach?

A

horse, rats

47
Q

the epithelium in the glandular region contains what type of cells?

A

parietal
chief
enteroendocrine

48
Q

what do chief cells do?

A

pepsinogen -> pepsin

49
Q

what do surface mucus cells do?

A

produce thick, tenacious mucus, protective function against acid and mechanical damage

50
Q

what do mucus neck cells do?

A

thin mucus
progenitor cells
can do mitosis

51
Q

what doe D cells, G cells, ECL cells do?

A

produce hormones that regulate gastric secretion and motility

52
Q

what do parietal cells secrete? what pumps are used?

A

H+ and Cl-
H+ via…ATP pumps, exchange H+ against K+
Cl- via…passive movement down electrogenic gradient

53
Q

where is HCl formed in stomach?

A

gastric lumen

54
Q

what is Cl- exchanged for on basolateral membrane?

A

bicarb

55
Q

what is the “alkaline tide”?

A

Cl- exchanged for bicarb
HCO3-/Cl- exchange on basolateral side to bring in Cl- and cause alkaline tide (temporary pH increase in blood)

56
Q

explain neural control of HCl secretion

A

PNS and ENS activate parietal cells via M3 receptors

57
Q

explain endocrine control of HCl secretion

A

secretion of GASTRIN from G cells binds to CCK-B receptors
secretion of HISTAMINE from ECL binds to H2 receptors

58
Q

what is histamine released in response to?

A

gastrin

59
Q

what is gastrin released in response to?

A

small peptides and AA in stomach
distension of stomach
vagal stimulation

60
Q

what are the two mechanisms that mediate activation of H-K ATPase and therefore HCl stimulation?

A
  1. by the PNS (ACh) and by gastrin through G protein coupled receptors, which stimulates IP3/DAG which increases Ca2+ concentration
  2. by histamine receptors that mediate elevation of cAMP concentration
61
Q

Ca2+ and cAMP ___ the proton pump

A

stimulate

62
Q

what is the main control of reducing parietal cell activation?

A

pH
measured by G cells
pH < 2 triggers negative feedback

63
Q

the absence of food causes ____ of HCl production

A

downregulation

64
Q

what two hormones cause the downregulation of HCl production?

A

somatostatin and prostaglandin

65
Q

what is the gastric mucosal barrier?

A

protects stomach epithelial lining against acidic environment

66
Q

what happens if the gastric mucosal barrier is broken?

A

acid could then diffuse across mucosa and damage the stomach wall

67
Q

what are the three components of the gastric mucosal barrier?

A

compact epithelial lining
gastric mucus covering
bicarb secreted by surface epithelial cells which creates neutral micro-environment

68
Q

what is a gastric ulcer?

A

localized area of erosion
due to improper mucus layer

causes = defect in mucosal barrier, HCl hypersecretion, heliobacter pylori

69
Q

what are the therapeutic approaches for gastric ulcers?

A

reduce acid production (via vagotomy, drugs)
stimulate re-epithelization
antibiotics for helicobacter

70
Q

what is pepsinogen produced/secreted by?

A

chief cells

71
Q

how is pepsinogen stored in chief cells?

A

stored in zymogen granules, released by exocytosis

72
Q

why is pepsin released as a proenzyme?

A

prevent AUTODIGESTION
proenzyme is converted to active pepsin by HCl in stomach lumen

73
Q

what is the function of pepsin?

A

cleaves proteins to peptides at aromatic links
digests 10-20% of proteins in a meal

74
Q

explain the stimulation of pepsinogen

A

Physiology III (18 decks)

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