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Physiology III > Introduction to GI Function & Regulation > Flashcards

Introduction to GI Function & Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

main functions of the GI system

A

conveys nutrients, water, and electrolytes into the body
boundary between external and internal environment

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2
Q

oropharyngeal cavity function

A

prehension/initial intake
reduction (mechanical and enzyme)
mix with saliva
transport/swallow

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3
Q

esophagus main function

A

transport

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4
Q

stomach function

A

storage/delivery rate control
digestion

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5
Q

small intestine function

A

digestion and absorption
monitor luminal content

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6
Q

large intestine function

A

absorption
fermentation
storage

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7
Q

what are the 5 main functions of the GI tract as a whole

A

motility, storage, secretion, digestion, absorption

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8
Q

cleft palate renders ___ movement during suckling ineffective

A

oropharyngeal

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9
Q

what occurs if the nasopharynx is not closed off (cleft palate)?

A

nasal regurgitation

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10
Q

how does the palate normally form?

A

progressive fusion between lateral palatine processes

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11
Q

what is atresia ani?

A

congenital abnormality where the anus is closed off (stenosis)

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12
Q

describe the types of atresia ani/coli

A
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13
Q

list the layers of the esophagus, stomach, SI, and large intestine

A

mucosa
submucosa
2 muscle layers
serosal layer

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14
Q

what does the mucosa layer consist of?

A

epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa

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15
Q

describe morphology of epithelium at different GI segments

A

esophagus = multilayer stratified squamous
stomach, SI, LI = columnar single layer

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16
Q

how is accumulation of defects prevented in the GI tract?

A

constant and fast renewal of epithelium

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17
Q

where do stem cells originate?

A

neck/crypt area to migrate up/down for differentiation

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18
Q

what do stem cells differentiate into?

A

enterocytes, goblet cells, enteroendocrine, paneth cells

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19
Q

GI functions are controlled by a ___ and ___ control system

A

intrinsic and extrinsic

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20
Q

what is the ENS?

A

intrinsic nervous system

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21
Q

where are ENS neurons located?

A

between inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of muscularis externa (myenteric)
AND
within submucosa (submucosal)

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22
Q

myenteric plexus innervation

A

N to longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers
mainly gut movement

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23
Q

submucosal plexus innervation

A

N to glandular epithelium, intestinal endocrine cells, and submucosal blood vessels
mainly intestinal secretions

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24
Q

what are circuits?

A

synaptically interconnected networks of neurons that connect receptors with target organs

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25
Q

receptors of mucosa

A

mechano-
chemo-
temperature receptors

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26
Q

gut wall receptors

A

mechanoreceptors

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27
Q

muscosa target organs

A

glands, enteroendocrine cells

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28
Q

gut wall target organs

A

muscle, blood vessels

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29
Q

what are varicosities?

A

structures located on axons, release neurotransmitter

30
Q

what’s an advantage of varicosities in ENS?

A

activates a broader area around axons vs focused at end of axon

31
Q

describe the motor function of ENS

A

N muscles and sphincters
causes contract/relaxation, controlling motility through the system

32
Q

describe the sensory ENS function

A

detect lumen pH, temperature, pressure

33
Q

interstitial cells of cajal (ICC)

A

specialized smooth muscle cells
act as pacemaker to modulate phasic contractile activity
have gap junctions

34
Q

what are the “slow waves” of the GI tract?

A

regular oscillations in membrane potential due to ICC’s self generating depolarizing rhythm

35
Q

what nervous system makes up the intrinsic system?

A

ENS

36
Q

what nerves make up the extrinsic system?

A

vagus and splanchnic nerves

37
Q

sympathetic nervous system effect on GI

A

NOR = decrease motility, increase sphincters, decrease secretions
NO and VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)

38
Q

parasympathetic nervous system effect on GI

A

N secretory cells in glands, smooth muscle of blood vessels, myenteric plexus
VAGUS NERVE
ACh increases motility, decreases sphincters, increase secretions

39
Q

what’s involved in the sympathetic NS for GI?

A

NO
VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)
splanchnic nerve

40
Q

what’s involved in the parasympathetic NS for GI?

A

ACh
substance P
vagus nerve

41
Q

the splanchnic nerve contains sympathetic ___ and spinal ___

A

sympathetic efferent
spinal afferent

42
Q

what do splanchnic afferents carry?

A

info about distension of gut wall, presence of noxious chemicals, inflammation

43
Q

splanchnic efferents are ___ in nature

A

INHIBITORY

44
Q

what hormone decreases motility and glandular secretions?

A

norepinephrine

45
Q

what does the vagus nerve contain?

A

sensory afferents
motor efferents

46
Q

what does vagus innervate?

A

abdominal viscera and pharyngeal mucosa

47
Q

vagus/parasympathetic control is typically ___ in nature

A

STIMULATORY

48
Q

what hormone increases gut blood flow, motility, and gland secretions>

A

ACh

49
Q

what is a vagotomy?

A

Sx where one or more branches of the vagus nerve are cut

50
Q

vagotomy usually ___ rate of gastric secretion and motility

A

reduces

51
Q

vagotomy can reduce problems related to ___ gastric acid production in ___ animals

A

excessive
monogastric

52
Q

damage to the vagus causes malfermentation in ___

A

ruminants

53
Q

what are the endocrine secretions of the intrinsic system?

A

CCK, gastrin, secretin, GIP, motilin

54
Q

enteroendocrine cells sense ___ on their ___ side

A

sense gut content on their apical side

55
Q

what do enteroendocrine cells release from their basal side?

A

hormones, neuroactive substances (neurocrines), paracrines, autocrines

56
Q

what are the four routes of intrinsic endocrine control of the GI tract?

A

endocrine
neurocrine
paracrine
autocrine

57
Q

which intrinsic endocrine route is this?

A

endocrine

58
Q

which intrinsic endocrine route is this?

A

neurocrine

59
Q

which intrinsic endocrine route is this?

A

paracrine

60
Q

which intrinsic endocrine route is this?

A

autocrine

61
Q

enteroendocrine cells of the stomach and SI produce which hormones?

A

gastrin, secretin, CCK, GIP, motilin

62
Q

which endocrine cell produces gastrin?

A

G cell

63
Q

which endocrine cell produces CCK?

A

I cells

64
Q

which endocrine cell produces secretin?

A

S cells

65
Q

which endocrine cell produces motiliin?

A

M cells

66
Q

which endocrine cell produces GIP?

A

K cells

67
Q

what are some examples of neuroactive substances?

A

NO
substance P
VIP
enkephalines

68
Q

where are neuroactive substances released?

A

near afferent nerve terminals into lamina propria

69
Q

which endocrine secretions are part of extrinsic system?

A

aldosterone

70
Q

what does aldosterone do regarding GI?

A

stimulates Na and water reabsorption in colon via ENac sodium channels
increases reabsorption in salivary glands

71
Q

aldosterone ___ Na absorption in the colon and salivary duct

A

increases

72
Q

glucocorticoids ___ activity of Na/K ATPase

A

increase

Physiology III (18 decks)

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