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Physiology III > Forestomach Fermentative Digestion II > Flashcards

Forestomach Fermentative Digestion II Flashcards

1
Q

define browser

A

animal that eats mainly browse
selectively feeds on highly digestible material
can NOT live on grass as efficiently as grazers

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2
Q

define grazer

A

animal that eats mainly grass

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3
Q

browsers eat plant material with ___ tannin

A

higher

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4
Q

which gland produces tannin neutralizer?

A

parotid gland
produces proline rich proteins

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5
Q

who has a larger parotid gland, browsers or grazers?

A

browsers

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6
Q

is rumen content of browsers layered?

A

NOPE

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7
Q

do browsers or grazers have a more homogenous rumen?

A
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8
Q

browser rumens have ___ viscosity fluid. describe the separation

A

high
separation due to floatation/sedimentation less possible, gas bubble evenly distributed

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9
Q

grazer rumens have ___ viscosity fluid. describe the separation

A

LOW
separation due to floatation/sedimentation and clear separation of gas layer

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10
Q

what stim rumen papilla growth?

A

VFA

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11
Q

VFA concentration is highest where ___ is highest

A

microbial activity

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12
Q

which of the rumen compartments does VFA absorption occur in browser?

A
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13
Q

which of the rumen compartments does VFA absorption occur in grazer?

A
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14
Q

VFA absorption rapidly removes ___ from rumen fluid

A

acid and ion

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15
Q

define mean retention time

A

time that a liquid or food particle spends in rumen
grazer > browser

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16
Q

does a long MRT restrict feed intake?

A

YES since intake of roughage is limited mostly by capacity of forestomach

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17
Q

describe the graph…how retention time differs between grazer and browser

A
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18
Q

why is particle throughput larger in browsers?

A

they rely more on plant cell content (CHO, protein)
cell content easily fermentable
fiber has small role

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19
Q

why is fluid throughput higher in grazers?

A

food particles remain longer in grazer rumen
1. removes waste and make room for new material
2. remove microbes

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20
Q

removing waste and microbe stim ___ growth, causing ___ microbial yield from forestomach

A

bacterial
increase yield

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21
Q

what is quorum sensing?

A

mechanism of bacteria regulates population density via autoinducer signal molecules

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22
Q

autoinducers ___ in concentration as function of cell density

A

increases

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23
Q

omasum functions

A

water absorption (prepares for acidic abomasum)
ingesta transport

24
Q

is omasum larger in browser or grazer?

A

grazer
since larger water absorption capacity

25
Q

why does more water flow through the grazer forestomach?

A

helps remove waste and microbial protein and facilitates better fiber fermentation

26
Q

what are the main end products of microbial VFA pathway?

A
27
Q

what form are VFA’s absorbed as?

A

protonated or dissociated

28
Q

which exchanger is used at pH 6.8 for VFA intracell transport

A

VFA/bicarb exchanger

29
Q

at what pH are each of the following circles exchangers used?

A

TOP - pH 6.8
BOTTOM - lower pH

30
Q

which VFA is used for gluconeogenesis?

A

propionate

31
Q

what does acetate enter the krebs cycle as?

A

acetyl CoA

32
Q

what is the most important gluconeogenic substrate?

A

propionate
MAJOR glc source

33
Q

what two main factors help regulate pH and avoid rumen acidification?

A

buffer
removing VFA

34
Q

VFA accumulation in rumen ___ pH

A

lowers

35
Q

how does pH affect microbial growth rate?

A

decreased pH < 6 causes microbes to produce lactic acid

36
Q

rumen acidosis is due to a ___ overload

A

CHO

37
Q

what are symptoms of rumen acidosis?

A

unspecific
variable appetite, drop in milk production, D, bloat, reduced motility, increased HR, laminitis

38
Q

lysozymes function

A

breaks hydrolytic glycosidic bonds of mucopolysaccharides

39
Q

abomasal lysozymes help make use of ___

A

microbial proteins

40
Q

lysozymes catalyze ___ of bacterial cell walls

A

hydrolysis

41
Q

where do ruminants secrete largest amount of lysozymes?

A

lumen of abomasum

42
Q

lysozymes are most active at ___ pH

A

low

43
Q

can lysozymes be cleaved by pepsin?

A

nope

44
Q

what percent of CP in fresh grass is true protein?

A

80%
rest is NPN

45
Q

what affects proportion of crude protein?

A

fermentation

46
Q

describe downgrading of high biological value protein

A

rumen degradable protein is forst catabolized by microorganisms and then used to resynthesze bacterial protein

47
Q

describe upgrading of low biological value protein

A

bacteria are able to use NPN to produce microbial protein

48
Q

what’s the most important NPN?

A

urea

49
Q

how is urea recycled?

A

via saliva into rumen for usage by bacteria to turn to microbial protein

50
Q

which transporters are used for urea recycling in ruminants?

A

AQP and urea transport (B)

51
Q

what determines the amount of microbial protein that reaches SI?

A

amount of dietary CP and metabolic demand

52
Q

what determines plasma urea in ruminant?

A

amount of microbial protein that reaches SI and the presence of excess ammonia in rumen

53
Q

how is pH affected during urea toxicity?

A

accumulation of rumen ammonia -> rumen pH > 7.5 -> alkaline indigestion

54
Q

describe the 3 development phases of the ruminant foregut system

A
55
Q

what’s rumen drinker?

A

fast drinking with little or no suckling causes spill over into rumen since esophageal groove gets overwhelmed or is not properly formed

Physiology III (18 decks)

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